Key Topics:
-The development of America's economy in a world of warring great powers
-The role of Jefferson's presidency & his agrarian republicanism in forging a national identity
-The ending of colonial dependency by the divisive War of 1812
- The nationalizing force of western expansion
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| 592465395 | Vitus Bering | Commission in 1741, this Danish born naval officer sailed east from Kamchatka across the Bering Sea and explored the Aleutian Islands, and made landfall on the Southern coast of Alaska. In the aftermath, Russian American was established b/c of the fur trapping and trade they est. | 0 | |
| 592465396 | Aleuts | Native people that live near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska | 1 | |
| 592465397 | Kodiak | an island off southern Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska, headquarters of the Russian-American Company | 2 | |
| 592465398 | Pinckney Treaty of 1795 | Spain, fearing that Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance, quickly struck a deal: this treaty granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida | 3 | |
| 592465399 | "Queen City of the West" | Cincinnati | 4 | |
| 592465400 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | A battle on August 20, 1794, between U.S. forces lead by Gen. Anthony Wayne and Shawnee at Fallen Timbers, south of present day Toledo, Ohio. Wayne routed the Native Americans in a matter of hours. The victory speeded the end of native resistance in the northwest frontier and it underlined the power of the new Federal government. It also permanently ended the power of the British on American soil, when British forces at a nearby fort refused sanctuary to the defeated Shawnee, fearing war with the United States. | 5 | |
| 592465401 | barter | an equal exchange | 6 | |
| 592465402 | cotton gin | a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 | 7 | |
| 592465403 | urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban | 8 | |
| 592465404 | Robert Morris | A financer of the revolution. First Treasurer of the U.S. Signed the Constitution and the Dec. of Indep. | 9 | |
| 592465405 | Spanish Colonies | -Tensions mounted between peninsulares and criollos -Spanish est. a chain of 21 missions in a last effort to protect Mexico -American traders were making inroads on Spanish-held territory along the MI River | 10 | |
| 592465406 | European Colonies in the Early 19th Century | -Spain: challenged in its efforts to control New Spain & the Caribbean -Britain: government of Canada reflected lessons learned in the colonies -Russia: rapidly expanding presence centered on Alaska and the Northwest | 11 | |
| 592465407 | clipper ship | a fast sailing ship with slender lines, tall masts, and large square sails | 12 | |
| 592465408 | Pierre L'Enfant | French architect who designed the layout of Washington, DC with broad avenues and park-like areas | 13 | |
| 592465409 | Virginia Dynasty | Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from Virginia. | 14 | |
| 592465410 | Agrarian Republic | Jefferson's idea of nation of yeomen farmers, each secure in possessions and not dependent on anyone (based on small communities of agriculture) | 15 | |
| 592465411 | Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) He wrote the Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798, warning of the impending population explosion. | 16 | |
| 592465412 | Louisiana Purchase | The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. | 17 | |
| 592465413 | The American Economy in 1800 | predominately rural 94 % of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2500 people crops were grown for home use rather than for sale | 18 | |
| 592465414 | Growth of American Trade: 1793-1807 | FR initiated renewed period of warfare between France and Britain Am merchants wanted to supply both sides expansion of trade led to development of shipbuilding industry and growth of coastal cities | 19 | |
| 592465415 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices (justices of the peace). This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Dem-Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. | 20 | |
| 592465416 | Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). -case sparked by Jefferson's refusal to recognize Adams' "midnight judges" -Justice Marshall ruled that the duty of the courts was to say what the law is -ruling made SC's a powerful nationalizing force | 21 | |
| 592465417 | Writ of Mandamus | an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion | 22 | |
| 592465418 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court | 23 | |
| 592465419 | Napoleon | French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) | 24 | |
| 592465420 | Battle of Waterloo | the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat | 25 | |
| 592465421 | Toussaint L'Ouverature | Haitian that led a slave rebellion in 1803 (Saint Dominique, French colony) a success, first independent black nation | 26 | |
| 592465422 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. | 27 | |
| 592465423 | Sacajawea | She accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition during its journey to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. She made important contributions to the success of the Corps of Discovery: she helped guide the expedition through unfamiliar territory and she helped translate when the expedition encountered Indian tribes. | 28 | |
| 592465424 | Mandans | A Native American people formerly living in villages along the Missouri River in south-central North Dakota, with present-day descendants on Lake Sacajawea in west-central North Dakota | 29 | |
| 592465425 | election of 1804 | Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President. | 30 | |
| 592465426 | impressments | The practice of forcing people into service. British ships would stop American vessels and impress American sailors. This led to Americans becoming extremely angry and eager for war with Britain. | 31 | |
| 592465427 | Chesapeake and Leopard Affair | 1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. | 32 | |
| 592465428 | non-importation act of 1806 | The act that forbid trade with England. It was meant to get Britain to stop stealing sailors from America's ships, but it didn't have the desired effect. It was Jefferson's first attempt to respond economically. | 33 | |
| 592465429 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. It hurt the economy, especially of New England (Later, the Hartford Convention) | 34 | |
| 592465430 | Election of 1808 | the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804. | 35 | |
| 592465431 | James Madison | Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812 | 36 | |
| 592465432 | Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 | Passed during the presidency of James Madison. It stated that America could trade with all nations except Britain and France. | 37 | |
| 592465433 | Macon's Bill #2, 1810 | restored trade with Britain and France but that if one country agreed to respect neutral rights than the US would prohibit trade with that nation's foe | 38 | |
| 592465434 | Indian policy | Jackson's decision for the United States to begin moving the Indians westward and opening Indian lands in the East to white settlement | 39 | |
| 592465435 | Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 | US cannot simply seize Indian land; it could only acquire it when the Indians ceded it by treaty | 40 | |
| 592465436 | Little Turtle | Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace | 41 | |
| 592465437 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. --- pan Indian military resistance movement | 42 | |
| 592465438 | William Henry Harrison | Governor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe | 43 | |
| 592465439 | The Prophet | Tecumseh's brother. He tried to help unite the Northwest Indian tribes in their struggle against the onslaught of US settlers. | 44 | |
| 592465440 | Treaty of Fort Wayne | sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty, is an 1809 treaty that obtained 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km²) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Illinois and Indiana. The tribes involved were the Delaware, Eel River, Miami tribe, and Potawatomi in the initial negotiations; later Kickapoo and the Wea, who were the primary inhabitants of the region being sold. | 45 | |
| 592465441 | War Hawk | rising young generation of political leaders, first elected to congress in 1810, who strongly resented the continuing influence of Britain in American affairs. included such leaders of John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY; they found all aspects of GB interference - impressment of sailors and support for western Indians intolerable | 46 | |
| 592465442 | Captain Oliver Perry | a famous us naval captain who fought in the battle of lake Erie on the uss lawrence and his ship was hit so heavily that he gt off his ship rowed a mile under heavy fire got onto another ship put his flag up on that ship and defeated the british and was hailed a hero | 47 | |
| 592465443 | Lake Erie | One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet | 48 | |
| 592465444 | Red Sticks | Rebellious and Dangerous Creek Indians that massacred Fort Mims and were defeated by Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend | 49 | |
| 592465445 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | 50 | |
| 592465446 | Fort McHenry | War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner | 51 | |
| 592465447 | Hartford Convention | December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. | 52 | |
| 592465448 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 Belgium- Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 53 | |
| 592465449 | National Road | First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. | 54 | |
| 592465450 | wilderness road | The trail into Kentucy that Daniel Boone helped build; although it was too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky. | 55 | |
| 592465451 | federal road | horse path cut through Indian country for settlers to use | 56 | |
| 592465452 | second great awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 57 | |
| 592465453 | election of 1816 | Election when Rufus King (federalist candidate) was brutally defeated by Monroe. Rufus King was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. His loss signified the 'death' of the federalist party | 58 | |
| 592465454 | American system | an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. -as well as 2nd bank and internal improvements- roads, etc. | 59 | |
| 592465455 | Tariff of 1816 | This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. | 60 | |
| 592465456 | John Quincy Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. National Republican | 61 | |
| 592465457 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812. | 62 | |
| 592465458 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States | 63 | |
| 592465459 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | 64 | |
| 592465460 | Panic of 1819 | Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. | 65 | |
| 592465461 | Missouri Compromise | 1820 -The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. --balance of representation in the senate between slave states and free states | 66 | |
| 592465462 | 36/30 | line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise | 67 | |
| 592465463 | James Talmadge | said that he would vote for Missouri to be a state if all children of slaves were freed when they were 25 years old. Gradual decrease of slavery | 68 | |
| 592465464 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. also the Missouri Compromise of 1820 | 69 | |
| 592465465 | War of 1812 | War fought between the British and the U.S from June 1812 to Jan 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping | 70 | |
| 592465466 | nullification | constitutional doctrine holding that a state has the legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders | 71 | |
| 592465467 | prelude to war | republican- controlled congress balked at strengthening military divided congress declared war support for war in strongest in south and west (war hawks) | 72 | |
| 592465468 | era of good feelings | the time period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearace of the Federalists enabled the republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony --james monroe/missouri compromise , a name for president monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. since the federalist party dissolved after the war of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | 73 | |
| 592465469 | transcontinental treaty of 1819 | treaty between u.s and spain in which spain ceded Florida to the U.S, surrendered claims to teh pacific northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the LA purchase territory and the spanish southwest | 74 | |
| 592465470 | second bank of united states | a national bank chartered by congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit | 75 | |
| 592465471 | the missouri compromise | dealt with the issue of slavery in newly acquired territory henry clay played a key role in reaching compromise maine entered the union as a free state, Missouri as slave state slavery prohibited north of 36/30 north latitude -dealt with the problem of the disruption of the balance in the senate | 76 | |
| 592465472 | battle of new orleans | decisive american battle in war of 1812 victory over british troops in jan 1815 that ended any british hopes of gaining control of the lower MI river valley | 77 |
