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| 185138684 | homo sapiens sapiens | newest human breed; ancestors of humans today; originated in eastern africa in 120000 b.c.e; no major changes in basic human physique or brain size since; emerged at the end of the paleolithic period | 0 | |
| 185138685 | neolithic age | final stone age; took place around 10,000 b.c.e; invention of agriculture; creation of cities; domestication of plants and animals | 1 | |
| 185138686 | neolithic revolution | agriculture developed; the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organizations that led to changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture; 8500-3500 b.c.e | 2 | |
| 185138687 | hunting and gathering | means of obtaining food by older human species (before agriculture); typical of band social organization | 3 | |
| 185138688 | bronze age | 4000 b.c.e.; bronze tools were first used in the middle east; ended in 1500 b.c.e | 4 | |
| 185138689 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture; ability to produce food surpluses; and existence of non-farming elites (social hierarchy); merchant and manufacturing groups | 5 | |
| 185138690 | cuneiform | form of writing developed by sumerians using a stylus and clay tablets | 6 | |
| 185138691 | nomads | cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarians" by civilized societies | 7 | |
| 185138692 | mesopotamia | civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys, fertile land, cradle of all civilization | 8 | |
| 185138693 | sumerians | people who migrated into mesopotamia c. 4000 b.c.e.; created first civilization within region, organized area into city states; created alphabet; art; science of astronomy | 9 | |
| 185138694 | ziggurat | massive towers usually associated with mesopotamian temple complexes | 10 | |
| 185138695 | babylonians | invading civilization that brought civilizations to the middle east; had kings and a system of law and money | 11 | |
| 185138696 | hammurabi | he was the babylonian king that created the fist set of laws to help keep the peace and balance between poor and rich | 12 | |
| 185138697 | pharaoh | title of kings in ancient egypt; top of society; held immense power | 13 | |
| 185138698 | pyramids | pharaoh's tomb that he builds; monumental architecture typical of old kingdom egypt; used as burial sites for pharaoh | 14 | |
| 185138699 | kush | african state that develped slong the upper reaches of the nile in 1000 b.c.e; conquered egypt and ruled it for centuries | 15 | |
| 185138700 | indus river | sources in the Himalayas and mouths in the arabian sea; houses had running water; trade with mesopotamia; developed own alphabet and artistic forms | 16 | |
| 185138701 | harappa and mohenjo daro | major urban complex of the harappan civilization; laid out on a planned grid pattern; large cities near the indus river | 17 | |
| 185138702 | huanghe river | (yellow river); site of development of sedentary agriculture in china; isolated; regulated irrigation; fertile land; advanced technology; rode horses; skilled in pottery, bronze, coal, iron; invented ideographic symbols | 18 | |
| 185138703 | phoenicians | sea faring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout Mediterranean; devised simplified alphabet (22 letters); predecessor of latin and greeks alphabet; improved egyptian numbering | 19 | |
| 185138704 | mandate of heaven | the divine source for leaders; established political legitimacy of chinese by zhou to justify the overthrow of shang | 20 | |
| 185138705 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the jews into western civilization | 21 |
