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| 262785893 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 0 | |
| 262785894 | William Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood | 1 | |
| 262785895 | Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher that set forth a number of principles of economic behavior. | 2 | |
| 262785896 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 3 | |
| 262785897 | Johannes Gutenburg | He invented the printing press around 1450 A.D. | 4 | |
| 262785898 | Rene Descartes | French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought | 5 | |
| 262785899 | Louis XIV | French monarchy. Personified absolute monarchy. Became a patron of the arts giving government a cultural role beyond any previous levels in the west | 6 | |
| 262785900 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) | 7 | |
| 262785901 | Franciso Pizarro | Led conquests of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. | 8 | |
| 262785902 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 9 | |
| 262785903 | Francesco Petrarch | One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist | 10 | |
| 262785904 | Boers | dutch farmers. came in contact with Bantu farmers causing battles for control. | 11 | |
| 262785905 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 12 | |
| 262785906 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) | 13 | |
| 262785907 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 14 | |
| 262785908 | Vivaldis | two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic | 15 | |
| 262785909 | Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. | 16 | |
| 262785910 | Vasco de Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | 17 | |
| 262785911 | Galileo | Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. | 18 | |
| 262785912 | Zhenghe | Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of expeditions to the Indian ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea between 1405 and 1433. | 19 | |
| 262785913 | Issac Newton | British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia" | 20 | |
| 262785914 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) | 21 | |
| 262785915 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425) | 22 | |
| 262785916 | Francis I | King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor. | 23 | |
| 262785917 | mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | 24 | |
| 262785918 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean). | 25 | |
| 262785919 | Treaty of Paris | This treaty ended the Seven Years War. France lost its colony | 26 | |
| 262785920 | humanism | a focus on human kind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. | 27 | |
| 262785921 | Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature | 28 | |
| 262785922 | European- style family | Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family. | 29 | |
| 262785923 | Protestantism | The religious group broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own beliefs, such as personal interpretations of the Bible, ministers had no special powers, and had only 2 mentioned sacriments | 30 | |
| 262785924 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 31 | |
| 262785925 | Jesuits | This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity | 32 | |
| 262785926 | edict of Nantes | granted tolerance to protestants. french kings cut back on protestant right. | 33 | |
| 262785927 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 34 | |
| 262785928 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 35 | |
| 262785929 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 36 | |
| 262785930 | Seven Years War | fought in continental europe & in overseas colonies. Britain attacked the French stronhold | 37 | |
| 262785931 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | 38 | |
| 262785932 | mercantilisim | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by selling more goods than they bought (favorable balance of trade). This theory said that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth. | 39 | |
| 262785933 | world economy | Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. | 40 | |
| 262785934 | Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | 41 | |
| 262785935 | British East India Company | Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch | 42 | |
| 262785936 | core nations | supplemented their growing economic prowess by self serving political policies. expanded manufacturing operations | 43 | |
| 262785937 | Enlightment | intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought | 44 | |
| 262785938 | parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 45 | |
| 262785939 | Glorious Revolution | affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereighty over the king. english parliament no longer depended on a king | 46 | |
| 262785940 | absolute monarchy | a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power | 47 | |
| 262785941 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 48 | |
| 262785942 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 49 | |
| 262785943 | witchcraft persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas. (mainly women) | 50 | |
| 262785944 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. | 51 | |
| 262785945 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489) | 52 | |
| 262785946 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. | 53 | |
| 262785947 | Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. | 54 | |
| 262785948 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 55 |
