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Chapters 1 & 2, Zumdahl Flashcards

These cards are based on the following text: "Chemistry (Seventh Edition) by Zumdahl & Zumdahl" (currently used by SMC Chem. department)
Some things from Chapters 1 & 2 have been left out because they cannot effectively be studied through flashcards.
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76191151What is the formula for % error?Where Ev = experimental value and Tv = True value0
76192916What is one formula for temperature conversions from Fahrenheit to Celsius?1
76192917What is an alternate formula for temperature conversions from Fahrenheit to Celsius?2
76192918What is the denisty formula?3
76202574What is the volume formula for a cube?l = length w = width h = height4
76202575What is the volume formula for a cylinder?r = radius h = height5
76202576What is the volume formula for a sphere?r = radius6
76202577What is the volume formula for a cone?r = radius h = height7
76205308What is the useful conversion factor that allows you to convert from liters to meters or vice-versa?1 mL = 1 cm³8
76205309What is matter?Something that occupies space & has mass9
76205310Technically speaking, what is a solution?A homogenous mixture10
76205311What does "homogenous" mean?Having visually indistinguishable parts11
76205312What does "heterogeneous" mean?Having visibly distinguishable parts12
76205313What is mass?Simply: the quantity of matter in an object Complicatedly: A measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion. Measured by the force necessary to give an object a certain accerlation. (Extra info: On earth we use the force that gravity exerts on an object to measure its mass, this force is called an object's weight)13
76205314What are the basic steps of the scientific method?1. Make observations - the flashlight doesn't work 2. Formulate hypothesis - the battery must be drained, so the flashlight doesn't work 3. Perform experiments - put fresh batteries in flashlight, see that it works now (note: this is based on the Zumdahl text, but seems to be a rather shallow, possibly slightly incomplete version of the sci. method)14
76205315SI unit for Mass?kilogram (kg)15
76205316SI unit for Length?meter (m)16
76205317SI unit for Time?second (s)17
76205318SI unit for Temperature?kelvin (K)18
76205319SI unit for Electric Current?ampere (A)19
76205320SI unit for Amount of substance?mole (mol)20
76205321SI unit for Luminous intensity?candela (cd)21
76205322What is the SI system?le Systéme International (International System). An Internationally agreed upon (1960) system of units derived from the metric system.22
76205323T/F: Measurements are always certain.False, there is always some degree of uncertainity (this is where significant figures comes into play)23
76205324What is accuracy?The agreement of a particular value with the true value.24
76205325What is precision?The degree of agreement among several measurments of the same quantity.25
76205555What are the two types of error? Describe each.Random Error: (indeterminate error) a measurmeant has an equal probability of being high or low. Systematic Error: (determinate error) either always high or always low; the error occurs in the same direction each time.26
76205556What is a pure substance?A substance with constant composition.27
76205557What is a mixture?A mixture of pure substances with variable composition.28
76289019What is a physical change?Change in the form of a substance, not its chemical composition. (Example: when water freezes/boils it changes its state but is still composed of H2O molecules)29
76289020Can a physical change separate a mixture into pure compounds?Yes. What it can't do is break compounds into elements.30
762890211 in = ? cm1 in = 2.54 cm31
762890221 mi = ? ft1 mi = 5280 ft32
762890231 lb = ? oz1 lb = 16 oz33
762890241 lb = ? g1 lb = 453.6 g34
762890251 L = ? qt1.06 qt35
762890261 gal = ? qt1 gal = 4 qt36
76289027What is a compound?A substance with constant composition.37
76289028Are elements decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means?Neither. Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.38
76289029What is a chemical change?Where a given substance becomes a new substance or substances with different properties and different composition.39
76291727What is temperature?A measure of the random motion of atoms/molecules on a macroscopic level, a measure of the heat intensity.40
76291728What are three methods for separating components of mixture?- Distillation. - Filtration - Chromatography41
76291729Describe Distillation.Depends on volatility (how readily subst. becomes gas). Simple distillation: Heat subst., vaporizes, vapor passes through cooled tube (condenser), vapor condenses back to liquid.42
76291730Describe Filtration.Used when mixture consits of solid & liquid. Mixture poured onto mesh, passes the liquid and leaves the solid behind.43
76291731Describe ChromatographyUses two phases (states) of matter: mobile & stationary. Paper Chromat: Drop of mixt. placed on paper, dipped into liquid (mobile phase), liqd. travels up paper.44
76291732What is mass number?# of proton and # of neutron in atom. This is not on the Periodic Table This is represented by the letter A.45
76291733What is atomic number?# of protons in atom. This is represented by the letter Z. This denotes position of element (based on number of protons) on periodic table.46
76291734How are mass number and atomic number depicted with the element symbol?Recall: Mass # (A) = # of proton + # of neutron Atomic # (Z) = # of proton47
76292083SbAntimony (Original name: Stibium)48
76292085CuCopper (Original name: Cuprum)49
76292087FeIron (Original name: Ferrum)50
76292089PbLead (Original name: Plumbum)51
76292091HgMercury (Original name: Hydrargyrum)52
76292093KPotassium (Original name: Kalium)53
76292095AgSilver (Original name: Argentum)54
76292096NaSodium (Original name: Natrium)55
76292098SnTin (Original name: Stannum)56
76292100WTungsten (Original name: Wolfram)57
76294817What is Avogadro's Hypothesis?At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.58
76294818J.J. Thomson is important for...?Cathode-ray tubes: Ray produced at negative electrode, it was repelled by negative pole of electric fieled -> JJ thought ray was stream of negatively charged particles (now called electrons). Plum Pudding Model - electrons like rasin dispersed in pudding (incorrect) Charge-to-mass ratio of electron: e represents charge on electron in coulombs (C) m represents electron mass (g)59
76294819Robert Millikan is important for...?Oil drop experiments -> determined magnitude of electron charge. This value + charge-to-mass (from JJ T.) = mass of the electron (9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg)60
76294820Ernest Rutherford is important for...?Tested JJ's PlumPudding model. Directed α particles towards thin metal foil. (If JJ right, particles should pass through foil w/ minor deflection) most did go straight BUT many were deflected @ large angles & some totally reflected. Deflections could only be caused by concentrated + charged center (containing most mass)61
76294821If atoms are composed of the same components, why do different atoms have different chemical properties?Answer lies in the number and arrangement of electrons. More electrons allows for more "intermingling" for atoms to combine to form molecules.62
76294822What is an isotope?An atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons63
76294823A positive ion is...?A cation64
76294824A negative ion is...?An anion65
76294825What is an ionAn atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.66
76294826What is ionic bonding?Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.67
76297641Characteristics of metals?Physical Properties: efficient conduction of heat & electricity, malleability (hammer into thin sheets), ductility (pull into wires), lustrous appearance. Chemically: tend to lose electrons (form + ions)68
76297642Characteristics of nonmetals?Chemically: gain electrons to form - ions, often bond to each other (forming covalent bonds), Found in: Upper-right corner of table (except H)69
76297643How is the Periodic Table divided?Rows: #'s used to identify "periods" Columns: Called groups or families. Have similar chemical properties.70
76297644Where are the alkali metals? Briefly describe them.Group 1A. Very active elements that readily form ions with a 1+ charge, when they react with nonmetals.71
76297645Where are the halogens? Briefly describe them.Group 7A. All form diatomic molecules.72
76297646Where are the noble gases? Briefly describe them.Group 8A. They all exist (under normal conditions) as monatomic (single-atom) gases. Have little chemical reactivity.73
76297647Where are the alkaline earth metals? Briefly describe them.Group 2A. They all form ions with a 2+ charge, when they react with nonmetals.74
763615201 m = ? yd1 m = 1.094 yd75
763615211 kg = ? lb1 kg = 2.205 lb76
763615221 ft³ = ? L1 ft³ = 28.32 L77
76362059Where are the Lanthanides?Element 58 - 71 (top row at the bottom)78
76362060Where are the transition metals?79
76362061Where are the Actinides?Elements 90 - 103 (bottom of bottom)80
76713843Briefly describe Dalton's atomic theory- all elements are composed of atoms - all atoms of a given element are identical - chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine - atoms are not changed in chemical reactions but the way they are bound together changes81
76718345Define: Law of Conservation of MassMass is neither created nor destroyed.82
76718346Define: Law of Definite ProportionA given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.83
76718347Define: Law of Multiple ProportionsWhen two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.84
77829254At room temperature which elements are solid?All metals [except Hg(l) ] + some others85
77829255At room temperature which elements are liquid?Hg(l) and Br₂(l)86
77829256At room temperature which elements are gas?All the noble gases and H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂87
77829257Which molecules are diatomic?H₂(g), N₂(g), O₂(g), F₂(g), Cl₂(g), Br₂(l), I₂(s), At₂(s) Notice all of the halogens are diatomic.88

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