Terms : Hide Images
| 404459611 | Actual yield | the amount of product that actually forms when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory | |
| 404459612 | Excess reagent | the reagent that is not completely used up in a reaction | |
| 404459613 | Limiting reagent | the reagent that determines the amount of product that can be formed by a reaction | |
| 404459614 | Mole ratio | a conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles | |
| 404459615 | Percent yield | the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent | |
| 404459616 | Stoichiometry | a subject of chemistry about the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions | |
| 404459617 | Theoretical yield | the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants | |
| 404459618 | Phase diagram | a graph that shows the relationships among the solid, liquid, and vapor states (or phases) of a substance in a sealed container gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as solid, liquid, and gas (vapor) The conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases | |
| 404459619 | Compressibility | a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure | |
| 404459620 | Diffusion | the tendency of molecules to more toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout | |
| 404459621 | Effusion | during it, a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container | |
| 404459622 | Partial pressure | the contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure | |
| 404459623 | Aqueous solution | water than contains dissolved substances | |
| 404459624 | Electrolyte | a compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state | |
| 404459625 | Hydrate | a compound that contains water of hydration | |
| 404459626 | Nonelectrolyte | a compound that does not conduct an electric current in either aqueous solution or the molten state Most molecular compounds are nonelectrolytes because they are not composed of ions | |
| 404459627 | Solute | the dissolving particles in a solution | |
| 404459628 | Solvent | the dissolving medium in a solution | |
| 404459629 | Colligative property | a property that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identity Three important _________________ of solutions are vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression | |
| 404459630 | Miscible | two liquids are miscible if they dissolved each other in all proportions. In such solutions, the liquid that is present in the larger amount is usually considered the solvent | |
| 404459631 | Immiscible | liquids that are insoluble in one another example is oil and water | |
| 404459632 | Molarity | (m) the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution also known as molar concentration | |
| 404459633 | Molality | (M) the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent also known as molal concentration | |
| 404459634 | Mole fraction | the ratio of the moles of that solute to the total number of moles of solvent and solute | |
| 404459635 | Saturated solution | contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure | |
| 404459636 | Unsaturated solution | a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure If additional solute is added to an unsaturated solution, the solute will dissolve until the solution is saturated | |
| 404459637 | Solubility | the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution | |
| 404459638 | Endothermic | one that absorbs heat from the surroundings in it, the system gains heat as the surroundings cool down | |
| 404459639 | Exothermic | one that releases heat to its surroundings it in, the system loses heat as the surroundings heat up | |
| 404459640 | Heat capacity | the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object exactly 1oC depends on the object's mass and its chemical composition The greater the mass of the object, the greater its heat capacity | |
| 404459641 | Specific heat | the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of substance 1oC Heat affects the temperature of objects with a high specific heat much less than the temperature of those with a low specific heat | |
| 404459642 | Calorimetry | the precise measurement of the heat flow into or out of a system for chemical and physical processes in it, the heat released by the system is equal to the heat absorbed by its surroundings. Conversely, the heat absorbed by a system is equal to the heat released by its surroundings | |
| 404459643 | Heat | represented by q energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature difference between them | |
| 404459644 | System | the part of the universe on which you focus your attention in studying energy changes | |
| 404459645 | Surroundings | include everything else in the universe | |
| 404459646 | Hess's law of heat summation | states that if you add two or more thermochemical equations to give a final equation, then you can also add the heats of reaction to give the final heat of reaction | |
| 404459647 | Enthalpy | (H) the heat content of a system at constant pressure is the same as this property The heat released / absorbed by a reaction at constant pressure is the same as the change in enthalpy | |
| 404459648 | Law of conservation of energy | states that in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed If the energy of the system decreases during that process, the energy of the surroundings must increase by the same amount so that the total energy of the universe remains unchanged. | |
| 404459649 | Entropy | a measure of the disorder of a system | |
| 404459650 | Le Chatelier's principle | if a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way that relieves the stress | |
| 404459651 | Spontaneous reaction | occurs naturally and favors the formation of products at the specified conditions produce substantial amounts of products at equilibrium and release free energy | |
| 404459652 | Nonspontaneous reaction | a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the specified conditions do not give substantial amounts of products at equilibrium | |
| 404459653 | Solubility product constant | an equilibrium constant applied to the solubility of electrolytes it is equal to the product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation can be used to predict whether a precipitate will form when solutions are mixed | |
| 404459654 | Rate law | an expression for the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration of reactants | |
| 404459655 | Reversible reaction | one in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously | |
| 404459656 | Gibbs free - energy change | the maximum amount of energy that can be doubled to another process to do useful work | |
| 404459657 | Free energy | energy that is available to do work | |
| 404459658 | First - order reaction | in it, the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of only one reactant | |
| 404459659 | Equilibrium constant | (Keq) the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that substance in the balanced chemical equation | |
| 404459660 | Chemical equilibrium | when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the reaction has reached a state of balance | |
| 404459661 | Acid dissociation constant | the ratio of the concentration of the dissociated (or ionized) form of an acid to the concentration of the undissociated (nonionized) form The acid dissociation constant reflects the fraction of an acid in the ionized form Sometimes called ionization constants | |
| 404459662 | Amphoteric | substance that can act both as an acid and base | |
| 404459663 | Base dissociation constant | the ratio of the concentration of the conjugate acid times the concentration of the hydroxide ion to the concentration of the base | |
| 404459664 | Buffers | a solution in which the pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid or base are added a solution of a weak acid and one of its salts, or a solution of a weak acid and one of its salts | |
| 404459665 | Buffer capacity | the amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer solution before a significant change in pH occurs | |
| 404459666 | Conjugate acid | the particle formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion | |
| 404459667 | Conjugate base | the particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion | |
| 404459668 | Titration | the process of adding a known amount of solution of known concentration to determine the concentration of another solution | |
| 404459669 | Salt hydrolysis | in it, the cations or anions of a dissociated salt remove hydrogen ions from or donate hydrogen ions to water | |
| 404459670 | Lewis acid | a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond | |
| 404459671 | Lewis base | a substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond | |
| 404459672 | End point | the point of the titration at which the indicator changes color | |
| 404459673 | Equivalence point | when an acid and base are mixed, the point when the number of moles of hydrogen ions equals the number of moles of hydroxide ions | |
| 404459674 | Hydronium ion | (H3O+) a water molecule that gains a hydrogen ion becomes this type of positively charged ion | |
| 404459675 | Oxidation | complete or partial loss of electrons or gain of oxygen | |
| 404459676 | Reduction | complete or partial gain of electrons or loss of oxygen | |
| 404459677 | Oxidation number | a positive or negative number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction | |
| 404459678 | Half - reaction | an equation showing just the oxidation or just the reduction that takes place in a redox reaction | |
| 404459679 | Anode | the electrode at which oxidation occurs Because electrons are produced at the anode, it is labeled the negative electrode | |
| 404459680 | Cathode | the electrode at which reduction occurs. Because electrons are consumed at the cathode, it is labeled the positive electrode | |
| 404459681 | Battery | a group of cells connected together | |
| 404459682 | Cell potential | the difference between the reduction potentials of the two half - cells | |
| 404459683 | Electrolytic cell | an electrochemical cell used to cause a chemical change through the application of electrical energy uses electrical energy (direct current) to make a spontaneous redox reaction proceed to completion | |
| 404459684 | Voltaic cell | electrochemical cells used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy | |
| 404459685 | Salt - bridge | connects the half - cells a tube containing a strong electrolyte | |
| 404459686 | Half - cell | one part of a voltaic cell in which either oxidation or reduction occurs | |
| 404459687 | Isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures | |
| 404459688 | Saturated compound | organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom = the alkanes are an example | |
| 404459689 | Unsaturated compound | compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds | |
| 404459690 | Substituent | an atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule | |
| 404459691 | Alkanes | hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds | |
| 404459692 | Alkenes | hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds | |
| 404459693 | Alkynes | hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds | |
| 404459694 | Cycloalkanes | ... | |
| 404459695 | Ketone | an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons The general formula = RCOR. | |
| 404459696 | Hydroxyl group | the - OH functional group in alcohols | |
| 404459697 | Functional group | specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions | |
| 404459698 | Carboxylic acid | a compound with a carboxyl group The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH | |
| 404459699 | Carboxyl group | consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group | |
| 404459700 | Carbonyl group | a functional group with the general structure C = O | |
| 404459701 | Aldehyde | an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen The general formula = RCHO | |
| 404459702 | Alpha particle | an emitted particle that contains two protons and two neutrons and has a double positive charge | |
| 404459703 | Beta particle | an electron resulting from the breaking apart of a neutron in an atom | |
| 404459704 | Fission | the splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments | |
| 404459705 | Fusion | it occurs when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass | |
| 404459706 | Gamma ray | a high - energy photon emitted by a radioisotope | |
| 404459707 | Half - life | the time required for one - half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products | |
| 404459708 | Positron | a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge | |
| 404459709 | Transmutation | the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element | |
| 404459710 | Radioactivity | the process by which materials give off rays |
