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| 98816452 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples. | 0 | |
| 98816453 | zoroastianism | persian religion founded buy zoroasters; taught that humans had the freedom of right and wrong, and that god would triuph in the end | 1 | |
| 98816454 | democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 2 | |
| 98816455 | persian wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131) | 3 | |
| 98816456 | alexander | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136) | 4 | |
| 98816457 | classical | of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times relates to Greece. | 5 | |
| 98816458 | centralization | the act of consolidating power under a central control | 6 | |
| 98816459 | cosmopolitan | diverse with many people in cultures. | 7 | |
| 98816460 | polis | Greek city-state | 8 | |
| 98816461 | Darius 1 | Third ruler of Persian empire. He crushed widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major gov't posts to Persians rather than Medes. Established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control to the east and west. | 9 | |
| 98816462 | trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132) | 10 | |
| 98816463 | monopoly | exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices | 11 | |
| 98816464 | empire | many territories and peoples controlled by one government | 12 | |
| 98816465 | hellenistic era | the time started by Alexander the Great (c. 323 BCE) around the Mediteranian and Middle East. Hellenistic means "imitate greeks", and it is called this because the Greeks were spreading their culture in the Middle east and other non-greek eras. It was very big on advancement of science. | 13 | |
| 98816466 | satrap | a governor of a province in ancient Persia | 14 | |
| 98816467 | hoplite | Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128 | 15 | |
| 98816468 | herodotus | the ancient greek known as the father of history | 16 | |
| 98816469 | socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. (133) | 17 | |
| 98816470 | ptolemies | Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138) | 18 | |
| 98816471 | caste | a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth | 19 | |
| 98816472 | persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119) | 20 | |
| 98816473 | tyrant | term for a new type of monarch that first appeared in various Greek states in the seventh century BC. The term acquired negative connotations because of the dictatorial manner in which many tyrants ruled. Very few tyrants succeeded in establishing dynasties. | 21 | |
| 98816474 | pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130) | 22 | |
| 98816475 | peloponnesian war | Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135) | 23 | |
| 98816476 | alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean | 24 | |
| 98816477 | bureaucracy | nonelective government officials | 25 | |
| 98816478 | social hierarchy | The division of society by rank or class | 26 | |
| 98816479 | xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168) | 27 | |
| 98816480 | shi hungdi | founder of the Qin Dynasty/China's first emperor | 28 | |
| 98816481 | aqueduct | a human made channel for carrying water long distances tunnel or above ground. a conduit. | 29 | |
| 98816482 | pax romana | Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154) | 30 | |
| 98816483 | gentry | In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166) | 31 | |
| 98816484 | qin | A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163) | 32 | |
| 98816485 | equites | In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152) | 33 | |
| 98816486 | chang'an | city in the wei valley. Capital of the zhou and qin and early han empires. | 34 | |
| 98816487 | constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 35 | |
| 98816488 | augustus | Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151) | 36 | |
| 98816489 | roman senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148) | 37 | |
| 98816490 | han | A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164) | 38 | |
| 98816491 | romanization | The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155) | 39 | |
| 98816492 | roman principate | A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151) | 40 | |
| 98816493 | roman republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148) | 41 |
