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| 4118647289 | What are some of the main functions of the circulatory system? | it accepts oxygen, nutrients, and other substances from the respiratory and digestive systems and delivers them to the cells. It accepts CO2 and wastes from the cells and delivers them to the respiratory and urinary for disposal | 0 | |
| 4118653773 | What is the circulatory system often called? | the highway of the body | 1 | |
| 4118659839 | What are the 3 main components of a circulatory system? | the circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump (the heart) | 2 | |
| 4118661722 | What type of circulatory system to humans have? | a closed circulatory system. this means that the blood is contained within the vessels and is not necessarily open to the fluid directly | 3 | |
| 4118667748 | We have a __________ pump system | double | 4 | |
| 4118668581 | How many circuits do we (and all mammals) have? | 2 | 5 | |
| 4118668582 | What are the names of the 2 circuits | the systemic and the pulmonary circuit | 6 | |
| 4118670068 | All vertebrates have a _________ circulatory system | closed | 7 | |
| 4118671351 | all mammals have a ________ _______ system | double pump | 8 | |
| 4118672354 | What separates the heart into the left and right sides | a partition | 9 | |
| 4118673397 | What is the point of having 2 pumps? | each pump circulates blood through a different circuit | 10 | |
| 4118677564 | Which circuit is the left side of the heart responsible for? | the systemic circuit, which pumps blood throughout the body | 11 | |
| 4118679084 | Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right? | because the left side of the heart has to pump blood throughout the body while the right side of the heart only has to pump through the pulmonary circuit which is much shorter | 12 | |
| 4118682402 | The right side of the heart is responsible for.... | the pulmonary circuit | 13 | |
| 4118688913 | which side of the heart does the oxygen depleted blood go to? | the right side of the heart, to be re-oxygenated by the lungs | 14 | |
| 4118694266 | What does the pulmonary circuit do? | it pumps the blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated | 15 | |
| 4118696724 | What is the aorta and where is it? | the aorta is located up and down from the left side of the heart. It is the largest artery in the body and it is responsible for receiving blood from the heart and beginning the delivery to the rest of the body |  | 16 |
| 4118705635 | What is the vena cava and where is it? | the bodes largest vein and it delivers deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the systemic circuit. There is a superior and inferior vena cava, which deliver the blood from either the top or the bottom of the body back to the heart. It is attached to the right side of the heart |  | 17 |
| 4118720892 | Where is the pulmonary artery and what does it do? | It delivers the blood directly to the lungs and it is located on the right side of the heart and branches out to both lungs and goes partly under the aortic arch |  | 18 |
| 4118743495 | Where is the pulmonary vein and what does it do? | carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be delivered. See picture for location |  | 19 |
| 4118748694 | How big is the heart? | about the size of a fist | 20 | |
| 4118749559 | Where is the heart located? | in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It is enclosed in the pericardium |  | 21 |
| 4118754058 | Pericardium | encloses the heart. it is two layers thick with fluid in-between layers |  | 22 |
| 4118758044 | How many chambers of the heart are there? | 4 chambers | 23 | |
| 4118760003 | Each side has ____ chambers. Also name these chambers | 2. the upper atrium and the lower ventricle |  | 24 |
| 4118762028 | The atrium/ventricle is more muscular | the ventricles | 25 | |
| 4118762768 | Why are the ventricles more muscular? | because the atriums only have to pump to the ventricles which is a much shorter distance | 26 | |
| 4118765876 | What controls the flow between the atrium and the ventricle? | valves. They prevent blood from going backwards if you move positions | 27 | |
| 4118766651 | What are you hearing when you listen to a heart beat? | the closing of the valves in the heart | 28 | |
| 4118769825 | Direction of blood flow...(coming back as oxygen depleted) | Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, to lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |  | 29 |
| 4118777288 | What is the cardiac cycle? | the contraction and the relaxation phases of the heart | 30 | |
| 4118778105 | The Contraction phase is ________ | systole | 31 | |
| 4118779435 | The relaxation phase is _________ | diastole | 32 | |
| 4118780791 | What acts as the bodies natural pacemaker? | the SA node | 33 | |
| 4118783781 | How does the SA node operate? | self stimulatory electrical signals from the SA node cause the contraction of the atria. the signal flows to the AV node and down septum to ventricles. And because the parts of the heart have such a close relationship, once one contracts the others follow suit so they all pump together. This is due to the intricate tight and gap junctions in the heart |  | 34 |
| 4118793478 | Describe the contraction of the heart | Cardiac muscle tissue can create its own action potentials (it is self stimulatory). the signal will spread quickly to other muscle fibers because of the gap and tight junctions of the heart and the cells conduct the signal very well. Because of this relationship the contraction of the heart is almost simultaneous | 35 | |
| 4118800638 | What is happening when someone has a heart murmur? | the heart valves are not closing all of the way. This is why the heartbeat sounds muffled | 36 | |
| 4118804382 | the artrioventricular valves (AV) | located between each atrium and ventricle, and they close when the ventricles contract (both the tricuspid and bicuspid in this picture, although we don't have to know the names just the location of the AV valves) |  | 37 |
| 4118805283 | Semilunar valves | located between the ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta. they close when the ventricles relax (everything but the 2 AV valves in the picture, but don't need to know specific names of them) | | 38 |
| 4118820258 | Arteries transport blood... | away from the heart | 39 | |
| 4118821449 | Veins transport blood... | towards the heart | 40 | |
| 4118822394 | Arterioles | are able to adjust their diameter to regulate blood flow (part of artery system) | 41 | |
| 4118823912 | Capillaries | 1 layer thick. They are thin to easily allow diffusion across their cell walls (part of artery system) | 42 | |
| 4118836755 | Blood pressure is ________ in arteries and ________ in veins | highest, lowest | 43 | |
| 4118838087 | As the blood flows away from the heart, blood pressure... | decreases | 44 | |
| 4118838088 | The peak blood pressure | systolic | 45 | |
| 4118839453 | The lowest blood pressure | diastolic | 46 | |
| 4118839454 | Where is the greatest blood pressure drop? | in arterioles | 47 | |
| 4118842508 | Cardiac output is adjusted by... | controls over rate and strength of heartbeat | 48 | |
| 4118843611 | How is resistance controlled in cardiac output? | by vasoconstriction (narrowing) and vasodilatation(widening) of blood vessels | 49 | |
| 4118846773 | What happens to your blood vessels when you are cold? | the veins constrict (vasoconstriction) | 50 | |
| 4118848358 | What happens to the blood vessels when you are hot? | the veins widen (vasodilatation) | 51 | |
| 4118872309 | During exercise what happens to the blood vessels? | they dilate to allow more blood flow from the heart which is pumping at a faster rate to maintain blood pressure | 52 | |
| 4118873338 | What is the blood pressure of the normal person/ | 120/70 | 53 | |
| 4118878847 | How does measuring blood pressure work? | the cuff is inflated to cut off blood flow so that the pressure exerted exceeds that of the artery. As the cuff deflates gradually and the pressure exerted by the cuff falls just below that of the artery, the blood pulses into the forearm which generates sounds that can be heart with a stethoscope (systolic). When the cuff deflates further, just until the blood flows freely and the sound disappears(diastolic) | 54 | |
| 4118888032 | Where is the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid? | capillary beds | 55 | |
| 4118889261 | How do things diffuse in capillary beds? | mostly by diffusion. Gases diffuse across their concentration gradient and the flow is very slow | 56 | |
| 4118896856 | What is bulk flow and what is responsible for it? | Bulk flow is the movement of water and solutes in response to fluid pressure in the capillaries. Because of the high pressure from the aorta we are constantly losing fluid through the capillaries because they are so thin. | 57 | |
| 4118900172 | Ultrafiltration | fluid moves out of capillary bed near arteriole end | 58 | |
| 4118901202 | Reabsorption | fluid moves into capillary bed near venous end | 59 | |
| 4118903719 | What happens normally with net bulk flow? | ultrafiltration will exceed reabsorption slightly with normal blood pressure | 60 | |
| 4118906370 | What deals with the excess fluid from the leaky capillaries? | the lymphatic system picks it up from the interstitial fluid | 61 | |
| 4118908207 | What effect does high blood pressure have on ultrafiltration? | it increases ultrafiltration because blood pressure is even higher than it normally is so fluid is pushed out more. This excess fluid can cause edema | 62 | |
| 4127011379 | Why do the venues have small valves? | because the blood pressure is so low in the veins they have to prevent backflow | 63 | |
| 4127013016 | How does blood flow in the venous system? | from the capillaries into venules, then onto the veins | 64 | |
| 4127013654 | Describe the aesthetics of veins | they are large in diameter with some smooth muscle in their walls. They also have valves |  | 65 |
| 4127016952 | What are the major functions of the blood? | to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, to carry CO2 and wastes away from cells, to help stabilize internal pH, equalize temperature, and carry infection fighting cells | 66 | |
| 4127019053 | Plasma makes up what volume of the blood | 50-60% | 67 | |
| 4127019880 | What is plasma? | water, plasma proteins, and dissolved ions and molecules | 68 | |
| 4127020813 | What percentage of the blood is the cellular (living) portion? | 40-50% | 69 | |
| 4127020814 | What makes up the living portion of the blood? | red cells, white cells, and platelets | 70 | |
| 4127021798 | What is the shape of the platelets in mammals? | they are always portions of a whole cell | 71 | |
| 4127022324 | What are the 3 types of blood cells? | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets | 72 | |
| 4127023073 | Function of red blood cells | carry oxygen | 73 | |
| 4127023798 | Function of white blood cells | defend body against invadors | 74 | |
| 4127024708 | Function of platelets | clotting of the blood | 75 | |
| 4127025238 | What is different about the nuclei of white blood cells? | they are very oddly shaped | 76 | |
| 4127025924 | What is the biggest type of blood cell? | the white blood cells | 77 | |
| 4131911517 | What is the most numerous type of blood cell? | the red blood cell | 78 | |
| 4131911906 | Why are red blood cells red? | hemoglobin | 79 | |
| 4131912216 | Why do red blood cells have no nucleus when they are mature? | they eject all of their organelles to accommodate as much hemoglobin as possible so they end up with no nucleus | 80 | |
| 4131912575 | Why do red blood cells have a short life span? | they have no organelles, which shortens their life | 81 | |
| 4131913619 | What is the function of leukocytes (white cells)? | they function in house keeping and defense | 82 | |
| 4131914238 | What are the types of white blood cells? | basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells | 83 | |
| 4131915104 | Define platelets | membrane bound cell fragments | 84 | |
| 4131915322 | What are platelets derived from? | megakaryocytes, which arise form stem cells | 85 | |
| 4131916111 | What is the function of platelets? | they release substances that initiates blood clotting | 86 | |
| 4131918653 | How are platelets shaped? | they are cell fragments, they were full cells when they were "born" | 87 | |
| 4131919871 | Describe the body's response to a damaged blood vessel | there is a vascular spasm for 1/2 hour which constricts the vessel and slows blood loss, the platelets aggregate and stick together within 15 seconds to plug site, clot formation starts after around 30 seconds. Enzymes activate factor X with forms prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts an enyme precursor to thrombin. Thrombin converts a plasma protein (fibrinogen) to insoluble threads (fibrin). Fibrinogen forms net that entangles blood cells, platelets. Fibrin forms a net at damaged site, entailing blood cells/platelets. Then you get a blood clot | 88 | |
| 4131923757 | Name the risk factors for cardiovascular disease | smoking, maleness, genetic factors, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and old age | 89 | |
| 4131925027 | What blood pressure qualifies as hypertension? | 140/90 | 90 | |
| 4131925691 | How does hypertension effect the heart? | it increases the hearts workload and it contributes to atheroscleorosis | 91 | |
| 4131926819 | Hypertension tends to be ___________ | genetic | 92 | |
| 4131927200 | atherosclerosis | arteries thicken, lose elasticity, and fill up with cholesterol and lipids | 93 | |
| 4131927770 | "silent killer" | hypertension | 94 | |
| 4131930142 | Why do things stick to the walls of the arteries of people with atherosclerosis? | the walls are thickened which makes it easier | 95 | |
| 4131930843 | High ______ contributes to the risk of atherosclerosis | LDL levels (type of cholesterol) | 96 | |
| 4131944058 | A heart attack is a blockage in the _________ ________ | coronary artery | 97 | |
| 4131944555 | A stroke is a blockage in the ________ | brain | 98 | |
| 4131945687 | What are the 3 treatments for someone who has a clot in the coronary artery? | An Angioplasty, a stent, and bypass surgery | 99 | |
| 4131946701 | Angioplasty | you inflate a balloon in the artery to widen it over time, and then remove it | 100 | |
| 4131949037 | Stent | you use a balloon with a metal fixture to continue to hold the artery open over time, while the balloon widens the artery | 101 | |
| 4131950381 | Bypass surgery | You use artificial arteries to bypass the area where the clot is in the heart to allow blood to flow around it | 102 | |
| 4131956244 | How many bypass surgeries can a person have? | 4 | 103 | |
| 4131956245 | Bradycardia | slow heart rate | 104 | |
| 4131956827 | Tachycardia | a fast heart rate, 100 bpm or more | 105 | |
| 4131957418 | Atrial fibrillation | irregular heartbeat | 106 | |
| 4131957419 | Ventricular fibrillation | uncontrolled contraction of the ventricles, is quickly fatal | 107 | |
| 4131959985 | Where does gas exchange happen? | aveoli | 108 | |
| 4131959986 | How is the trachea held open? | it is always held open by a cartilage ring | 109 | |
| 4131961737 | Pleural membrane | the membrane around the lungs | 110 | |
| 4131962488 | What pressure system does breathing use? | negative pressure, you push down your diaphragm when you suck in air | 111 | |
| 4131963214 | How do you get more air when you are running? | you use your intercostal muscles to breathe faster because it helps push the air out faster. You cannot necessarily breathe in faster though | 112 | |
| 4131964176 | Respiration | physiological process by which oxygen moves into internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out | 113 | |
| 4131965835 | The respiratory system works in conjunction with | the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and move CO2 | 114 | |
| 4131966204 | The respiratory system also helps regulate what? | the acid base balance, because it effects bicarbonate levels (the buffer in your blood) | 115 | |
| 4131967002 | How do gases enter and leave the body? | by diffusing down their pressure gradients, the body creates many different gradients so gases can move easily | 116 | |
| 4131968704 | What are the main body parts involved in respiration? | the pharynx, the trachea, the bronchial tree, the intercostal muscle, the diaphragm, the bronchiole, the alveoli | 117 | |
| 4131970816 | Describe the respiratory process | air comes in through the nose and mouth into the pharynx, air passes through glottis, larynx, and into trachea, air passes into bronchi, bronchi branch into bronchioles, bronchioles end in alveoli, blood capillaries in alveoli pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide | 118 | |
| 4131972832 | What do alveoli look like? | they are sacs that hold the air and are surrounded by capillaries, they have a close relationship so gas transfer is easy | 119 | |
| 4131974805 | How does breathing work? | in a cyclic cycle called the respiratory cycle | 120 | |
| 4131975371 | One respiratory cycle consists of... | one inhalation and one exhalation | 121 | |
| 4131976248 | Describe the process of inhilation | the diaphragm flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand, and air flows down pressure gradient into lungs | 122 | |
| 4131977643 | Why is breathing passive in humans? | the air simply moves down the pressure gradient when we breathe because our diaphragm has flattened | 123 | |
| 4131978866 | Describe the process of passive exhilation | the muscles of inhalation relax, the thoracic cavity recoils, the lung volume decreases, and air flows down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs | 124 | |
| 4131980246 | Describe the process of active exhilation | Muscles in the abdomen and the internal intercostal muscles contract (this decreases thoracic cavity volume more than passive exhalation) so a greater volume of air must flow out to equalize intrapulmonary pressure with atmospheric pressure | 125 | |
| 4131983849 | Describe the relationship between the alveoli and the capillaries | their epithelial tissues are fused, so they basically share a membrane, this makes gas exchange very easy | 126 | |
| 4131986488 | Describe hemoglobins affinity for oxygen | there is a high affinity for oxygen when the partial pressure is high (in the pulmonary capillaries) and a low affinity where the partial pressure is low like in the tissues | 127 | |
| 4131987898 | Describe the relationship between the pulmonary and circulatory systems | the circulatory system takes the products of the respiratory system and distributes them to every cell in the body through the blood stream | 128 |
