Questions relating to the circulatory system, lymphatic system, immune system
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| 1050925319 | What are the functions of the circulatory system? | Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, Transports CO2 and other wastes away from cells, Helps stabilize pH and ionic in body fluids, Regulates body temperature, Fights Infection | 1 | |
| 1050925320 | What are the components of the circulatory system? | Heart - Strongest muscle in the body, Blood, Vessels | 2 | |
| 1050925321 | List the four chambers of the heart | Left Atrium, Right Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle | 3 | |
| 1050925322 | The heart is divided into left and rights halves, what is the name of the divider? | Septum | 4 | |
| 1050925323 | What is the Pericardium | A protective sac of connective tissue that surrounds the heart | 5 | |
| 1050925324 | What is Myocardium | Cardiac muscle layer that forms the bulk of the heart and is responsible for contractions | 6 | |
| 1050925325 | Where does the myocardium (heart muscle)get its blood supply | Coronary arteries, from first branch of the aorta. | 7 | |
| 1050925326 | Characteristics of Atria (left and right atrium) | Thin wall, Receives blood from veins and sends it to the ventricles | 8 | |
| 1050925327 | Characteristics of Ventricles | Thick wall, Receive blood from atria and pumps it out through the arteries | 9 | |
| 1050925328 | Name the four valves in the heart and where they are located | bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve | 10 | |
| 1050925329 | Tricuspid Valve Location | Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle | 11 | |
| 1050925330 | Bicuspid / Mitral Valve | Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle | 12 | |
| 1050925331 | Pulmonary Valve | Located between the right ventricle and the Pulmonary artery | 13 | |
| 1050925332 | Aortic Valve | Located between the left ventricle and the Aortic artery | 14 | |
| 1050925333 | What is the function of Chordae Tendinease (Heart Strings) | Connects papillary muscles to valves to prevent valve inversion | 15 | |
| 1050925334 | What are papillary muscles | Small muscles that anchor the heart strings or cords. | 16 | |
| 1050925335 | What are the two parts of a cardiac cycle (one heartbeat) | Diastole, Systole | 17 | |
| 1050925336 | Diastole | The period of time when the heart relaxes after a contraction | 18 | |
| 1050925337 | Systole | Contraction of the heart muscle | 19 | |
| 1050925338 | Describe the Cardiac Cycle from heart to the lungs and back to the heart | Right Atrium --> Tricuspid Valve --> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary valve --> Pulmonary Artery --> Lungs (to be oxygenated)-->Pulmonary Vein -->Left Atrium | 20 | |
| 1050925339 | Describe the Cardiac Cycle from heart to the body and back to the heart | Left Ventricle-->Aortic Valve -->Aortic Artery -->Body -->Vena Cava -->Right Atrium | 21 | |
| 1050925340 | What type of blood do arteries carry | Arteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the Pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs | 22 | |
| 1050925341 | What type of blood do veins carry | Veins carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of the Pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs | 23 | |
| 1050925342 | Which side of the heart carries oxygen rich blood | Left side | 24 | |
| 1050925343 | Which side of the heart carries oxygen poor blood | Right Side | 25 | |
| 1050925344 | Which is the biggest vein in the body | Vena Cava | 26 | |
| 1050925345 | Which is the biggest artery | Aorta / Aortic Artery | 27 | |
| 1050925346 | On average, how many times per minute does a heart beat when at rest | 72 times | 28 | |
| 1050925347 | Which body system controls heart rate | Nervous system | 29 | |
| 1050925348 | How long does one blood cell take to travel a circuit | 20 seconds | 30 | |
| 1050925349 | What are atrioventricular valves | The tricuspid and bicuspid valves | 31 | |
| 1050925350 | What is the difference between the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava | The superior vena cava carries blood from the top of the body and the inferior vena cava carries blood from the bottom | 32 | |
| 1050925351 | A heart beat has a lub dub sound, when does each sound occur - Lub sound occurs- | When the atrioventricular valves close | 33 | |
| 1050925352 | A heart beat has a lub dub sound, when does each sound occur - Dub sound occurs | When the aortic and pulmonary valves close | 34 | |
| 1050925353 | When does the heart rate increase | when more food or oxygen is needed | 35 | |
| 1050925354 | What is the name of the system that increases the heart rate | sympathetic system | 36 | |
| 1050925355 | What is the name of the system that decreases the heart rate | parasympathetic system | 37 | |
| 1050925356 | Name the parts of the cardiac conduction system | Sinoatrial Node (SA), Atrioventricular Node (AV), Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres. | 38 | |
| 1050925357 | Where do arteries branch off | From the Aorta into smaller and smaller vessels until they become capillaries | 39 | |
| 1050925358 | What is the function of the SA node and where is it located | Causes a wave of contractions in the Atria, which sends blood to the ventricles. It is located high on the right atrium | 40 | |
| 1050925359 | What is the function of the AV node and where is it located | Carry the electrical impulse from the SA Node to the fibre bundles in the ventricles, which causes them to contract. Is located in the inter-atrial septum | 41 | |
| 1050925360 | Which side of the heart does pulmonary circulation takes place | Right side | 42 | |
| 1050925361 | Which side of the heart does systemic circulation takes place | Left Side | 43 | |
| 1050925362 | What is the name of the circulation that takes place on the left side of the heart | Systemic circulation | 44 | |
| 1050925363 | What is the name of the circulation that takes place on the right side of the heart | Pulmonary circulation | 45 | |
| 1050925364 | Artery | muscular, thick walls, elastic, has connective tissue, has smooth muscles, | 46 | |
| 1050925365 | Arteriole | muscular, little connective tissue | 47 | |
| 1050925366 | Capillary | Endothelial layer, no muscle, one cell thick | 48 | |
| 1050925367 | Venule | Thin walls, some smooth muscle | 49 | |
| 1050925368 | Vein | Some connective tissue, smooth muscle, thin walls, flaccid | 50 | |
| 1050925369 | What is systolic pressure | Maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during ventricular contraction | 51 | |
| 1050925370 | What is diastolic pressure | Minimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax | 52 | |
| 1050925371 | Explain the effect of Vasoconstriction | Narrows blood vessels and increase blood pressure | 53 | |
| 1050925372 | Explain the effect of Vasodilation | Blood vessels become wider after smooth muscles relax | 54 | |
| 1050925373 | What percentage of the body is blood | 8% | 55 | |
| 1050925374 | What are the three cellular components of blood | Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets | 56 | |
| 1050925375 | Another name for Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes | 57 | |
| 1050925376 | Another name for White Blood Cells | Leukocytes | 58 | |
| 1050925377 | Another name for Platelets | Thrombocytes | 59 | |
| 1050925378 | 4 Types of white blood cells | Monocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Basophils | 60 | |
| 1050925379 | 45. Describe the steps to heal blood vessel injury | Platelets clump at the injury site, they release thromboblastin, which results in the production of fibrin, the fibrin strands help to clog the vessel opening. | 61 | |
| 1050925380 | What are the 3 antigens associated with blood types | A, B, O | 62 | |
| 1050925381 | If a person has A antigen, what blood type can they receive | Type A, and Type O | 63 | |
| 1050951887 | What are the two semi-independent parts of the Lymphatic System | Lymphatic vessels and Lymphoid tissues and organs | 64 | |
| 1050951888 | What are the functions of the lymphatic system | Transport fluids back to the blood, Aids in body defence and resistance to disease | 65 | |
| 1050951889 | What is a lymph | Excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels | 66 | |
| 1050951890 | What is returned to the blood via lymph | water, blood cells, proteins | 67 | |
| 1050951891 | What harmful materials are filtered from the lymph | Bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris | 68 | |
| 1050951892 | What is the shape of the lymph | kidney shaped or pea shaped | 69 | |
| 1050951893 | What is the outer arc of the lymph called and what does it contain | Cortex, contains follicles | 70 | |
| 1050951894 | What is the inner arc of the lymph called and what does it contain | Medulla, contains phagocyte macrophages | 71 | |
| 1050951895 | What is Edema | Excess accumulation of fluids in tissue spaces | 72 | |
| 1050951896 | Describe the flow of lymph through nodes | Lymph enters the convex side (cortex) through afferent lymphatic vessels, then flows through sinuses inside the node before exiting through efferent lymphatic vessels from the medulla. | 73 | |
| 1050951897 | What is the purpose of the lymph nodes | Filter and eradicate harmful substances from lymph before it is returned to the blood | 74 | |
| 1050951898 | Macrophages | Eat and destroy foreign substances | 75 | |
| 1050951899 | Lymphocytes | provide immune response to antigens (makes defence substances) | 76 | |
| 1050951900 | List four other lymph organs | Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer's patches | 77 | |
| 1050951901 | Peyer's patches and tonsils are examples of what types of lymphatic tissue | MALT Mucosa-Associated Lyphatic Tissue | 78 | |
| 1050951902 | What is the purpose of MALTs | acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts | 79 | |
| 1050951903 | What is the immune system | The body's defence against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles | 80 | |
| 1050951904 | Second line of defence is to innate immunity as third line of defence is to | Adaptive immunity | 81 | |
| 1050951905 | What component is found in both innate and adaptive immunity | Complement | 82 | |
| 1050951906 | List 4 components of innate immunity | Macrophages, Granulocytes, Natural killer cells, Complement, chemical components: HCL, Lysozyme | 83 | |
| 1050951907 | List 4 components of Adaptive immunity | T-Cells, B-cells, antibodies, complement | 84 | |
| 1050951908 | Explain 3 characteristics of innate immunity | Action is immediate, Response is non-specific, Response is not enhanced by repeat exposure to pathogen | 85 | |
| 1050951909 | Name 5 items in the first line of defence | Epidermis of the skin, mucus in the respiratory system, cilia, saliva, stomach acid | 86 | |
| 1050951910 | Explain 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity | Action requires days to develop, Response is specific, Response is enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen | 87 | |
| 1050951911 | White blood cells eat foreign articles, what happens afterwards | It breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called lysosomes | 88 | |
| 1050951912 | 10. How do viruses react when they enter body cells | They hijack their organelles and multiple until the cell burst releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells. | 89 | |
| 1050951913 | Two characteristics of natural killer cells | Can break down and kill cancer cells, Can destroy virus-infected cells | 90 | |
| 1050951914 | What is interferon | Chemical released by virus-infected body cells to interfere with the viruses ability to attack other body cells | 91 | |
| 1050951915 | What is the name of the chemical that starts the inflammatory process | Histamine | 92 | |
| 1050951916 | What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation | Redness, heat, swelling, pain | 93 | |
| 1050951917 | 15. What are the two divisions of adaptive immune system | Cell-mediated immune system and antibody-mediated immunity | 94 | |
| 1050951918 | What is immunity | Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance | 95 | |
| 1050951919 | Active Immunity | The body produces the antibodies because your body has been exposed to the pathogen | 96 | |
| 1050951920 | Passive Immunity | The body didn't produce the antibodies ; It was passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or exposure (medical profession) | 97 | |
| 1050951921 | How long does active immunity last | It depends on the antigen | 98 | |
| 1050951922 | List the steps in the production of antibodies | WBCs eat invading particles and break them up, They show the particle pieces to T-Cells, who identifies them and presents them to the B-cells for antibody production, B-Cells create specific defence antibodies for that type of particle | 99 | |
| 1050951923 | A complement is a group of | 2 plasma proteins; it damages foreign cell surfaces | 100 | |
| 1050951924 | The third line of defence is an immunity controlled by | antibodies | 101 | |
| 1050951925 | If an infection makes it past the first and second line of defence | it will trigger the production of antibodies | 102 |
