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| policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals | ||
| "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" | ||
| emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people (part of the 14th Amendment) | ||
| forbids slavery and involuntary servitude | ||
| law that makes racial disrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbids many forms of job discrimination | ||
| legal right to vote | ||
| extended suffrage to African Americans | ||
| small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand; declared void by the 24th Amendment | ||
| one of the means used to discourage African American voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exclude African Americans from primary elections | ||
| declared poll taxes void (unconstitutional) in federal elections | ||
| law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage | ||
| guarantees women the right to vote | ||
| proposed constitutional amendment stating "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex;" failed to acquire the necessary support for ratification | ||
| issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill | ||
| requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment | ||
| policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment of members of some previously disadvantaged group |
