Terms from the Civilization in the West book
Terms : Hide Images
| 19893786 | Arthur Young | observed that although France, was rich, it was pocketed by extreme poverty | |
| 19893787 | philosophes | glorified reason in a world of violence | |
| 19893788 | ancien régime | old regime | |
| 19893789 | Louis XV | grandson of Louis XIV, could not meet rising demands of the state, relied on state bureaucracy instead of parlements | |
| 19893790 | parlements | the 13 sovereign courts in the French judicial system | |
| 19893791 | Maupeou | Louis XV's chancellor from 1768-1774, engineered the overthrow of the Parlement of Paris | |
| 19893792 | Louis XVI | Involved France with the War of Independence, loved locks, recieved revenue from selling offices | |
| 19893793 | Royal General Farms | A syndicate of 100 wealthy financier families that owned the salt tax in France | |
| 19893794 | taille | direct French tax | |
| 19893795 | gabelle | French tax on salt | |
| 19893796 | aide | French tax on food and drink | |
| 19902308 | Turgot | first controller-general of Louis XVI, stimulated economy by eliminating regulations, economizing at court, and improving roads | |
| 19902309 | Necker | measured the total income and expenditures of France, and extremely messed up, tried to cut down inefficiences | |
| 19902610 | Calonne | made a proportional land tax, eliminated or lightened peasant taxes, wanted to confiscate church lands, created Assembly of Notables | |
| 19902611 | Assembly of Notables | made up of 150 officials from the church, nobility, and municipalities, denounced Calonne | |
| 19902731 | de Brienne | reccomended emergency loans, disbanded parlement | |
| 19903140 | Estates-General | a medieval body composed of the three estates, had not met since 1614 | |
| 19903141 | third estate | the bourgeoisie, the peasantry, and the urban and rural workers | |
| 19946594 | Netanyahu | leads the Likud party | |
| 19946595 | Livni | Leads the Kadima party | |
| 19946596 | Lieberman | leads "Israel is our home" party | |
| 19946597 | Marie Antoinette | said "let them eat cake" | |
| 19946598 | Voting By Order | Voting system in each estate receives one vote | |
| 19946599 | Voting By Head | Voting system in which each representative receives one vote | |
| 19946600 | Tennis Court Oath | Pact made by the third estate to make a constitution | |
| 19946601 | National Assembly | group formed by the tennis court oath to represent the entire country | |
| 19946602 | Bastille | Armory where government held weapons and prisoners, was stormed on July 14 | |
| 19946603 | National Guard | Militia formed to protect the interests of the people | |
| 19946604 | Lafayette | lead French Revolution, fought alongside Washington for free, became a general | |
| 19946605 | La Marseillaise | French National Anthem | |
| 19946712 | Departements | make rules for government, 83 of them, each has its own militia | |
| 19946713 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | said that clergy is owned by the government | |
| 19946714 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Document created by the National Assembly to announce the rights of French Citizens | |
| 19946715 | Bourgeois Revolution | property owners are the greatest beneficiaries, peasants and day workers are not really effected. | |
| 19946716 | Political Spectrum | diagram depicting the different sides of government | |
| 19946726 | Liberals | say system is basically ok, needs a little change | |
| 19946727 | socialists | want government to take an active role in the economy, medical care, education, government chosen by a free election, gradual chang | |
| 19946728 | Communists | want no government, started by Marx and Engels, to each according to his need, requires a violent overthrow of government | |
| 19946729 | anarchists | no government, can't wait for revolution like communists, target government officials, bomb bus stations, Rousseau is one of these (minus the violence) | |
| 19946730 | Conservatives | say to be cautious, don't make too many changes, rely on past | |
| 19946790 | Reactionaries | want to go backwards, support same-sex schools to prevent pregnancy, prayer in school | |
| 19946791 | Fascists | Mussolini, state has total power, leader is a larger than life figure, protests are suppressed, brutal police force, Louis XVI would love to be one of these | |
| 19946792 | Totalitarians | government has cmplete and total control | |
| 19946793 | Olympe de Gouges | says there should be women's rights also, want equitable divorce laws, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen | |
| 19946794 | Sans-Culottes | people who are city - workers, didn't wear knee-breeches | |
| 19946795 | Jacobins | liberal French party that ruled from the mountain | |
| 19946796 | Girondins | conservative French party that ruled from the Plain | |
| 19946797 | Robespierre | led Jacobins in the Reign of Terror, was executed | |
| 19946798 | Danton | Led Girondins | |
| 19946799 | "Liberty, Equality, Society" | motto of the Jacobins and of France today | |
| 19946853 | Citizen/Citizeness | title used to refer to men or women under the Jacobins' rule | |
| 19946854 | Committee of Public Safety | makes charges against criminals, executes Louis XVI | |
| 19946855 | Guillotine | new invention for execution, cuts ties literally and mentally, 40,000 executions in a 9 month period | |
| 19946856 | Thermidorian Reaction | during summer, led by reactionaries, makes country more conservative, Jacobins are put out of power | |
| 19946857 | Cult of the Supreme Being | no priests, no churches, Notre Dame became the Temple of Reason | |
| 19946890 | First Coalition | team of England, Prussia, and Austria that is worried about France | |
| 19946891 | Hamilton | member of Washington's cabinet who supported England | |
| 19946892 | Jefferson | member of Washington'd cabinet who supported the French | |
| 19946893 | Corsica | Island where Napoleon was born | |
| 19946894 | Rosetta Stone | key to understanding of Egyptology, had same message in classic Greek, hieroglyphics, and classic script | |
| 19946895 | Concordat of 1801 | truce created by napoleon with the Catholic Church | |
| 19972465 | Trafalgar | where French and Spanish navies tried to defeat Britain | |
| 19972466 | Nelson | led British against the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar | |
| 19972467 | Louisiana Purchase | Louis gave to US for 15 million, Spain had owned it, taken over by France when they conquered, sold it to prevent the British from taking it | |
| 19972468 | Continental System | forbids all French ports from British trade | |
| 19972469 | British Orders in Council | provision against all ships bound from France | |
| 19972470 | hot air balloons, tunnels | Two ideas Napoleon had about invading Britain after his naval failures | |
| 19972471 | stone | British unit weighing 14 pounds | |
| 19972472 | sugar beets | replace sugar cane | |
| 19972473 | Napoleonic Code | system of Laws used during the reign of Napoleon | |
| 19972547 | Grand Army | the army Napoleon led against Russia when Alexander I repudiated the Continental System | |
| 19972548 | Scorched Earth Policy | anti-invasion strategy used by Russia against France | |
| 19972549 | Battle of Nations | Battle in which Napoleon was defeated and exiled | |
| 19972550 | Elba | First island Napoleon was exiled to | |
| 19972551 | Wellington | led coalition of nations against Napoleon's return | |
| 19972552 | Waterloo | Where Napoleon was defeated forever | |
| 19972553 | St. Helena | island where Napoleon died | |
| 19972670 | Rochambeau | French aristocrat, soldier, and a marshall of France, participated in the American Revolution, was almost executed in the Reign of Terror | |
| 19972671 | De Grasse | French Naval Leader in the American Revolution | |
| 19972672 | Bourbon | represented in the white portion of the French flag | |
| 19972673 | josephine | other person crowned when Napoleon was | |
| 19972819 | Seven Year's War | French defeat in this left it barren of funds | |
| 19972820 | Cahiers de Doléances | lists of grievances carried by representatives to the Estates General | |
| 19972821 | Sieyés | published the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?", frequented Parisian Salons | |
| 19972822 | Continental System | Napoleon's abortive attempt to blockade Britain was part of his | |
| 19972823 | First Consul | The first political office that Napoleon held | |
| 19972824 | Directory | The government that succeeded the fall of the Committee of Public Safety | |
| 19972825 | Assignats | treasury bonds issued to raise money for the revolutionary government | |
| 19972826 | Social Contract | Rousseau's work that heavily influenced Robespierre | |
| 19972955 | corvée | forced labor of the peasants on roads | |
| 20005101 | Mirabeau | noble who had spent time in prison for being accused of disobedience to his father. Advocated the third estate | |
| 20005102 | Night of 4-5 August | National Assembly agreed to abolish the principle of privilege, which took away the peasants' right of common grazing and gathering | |
| 20005103 | Pius VI | denounced the principles of the revolution, fought against the civil constitution of the clergy | |
| 20005104 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | priests now became the equivalent of paid agents of the state | |
| 20005105 | nonjuring priests | priests who refused to become paid agents of the state and went into hiding | |
| 20005744 | Constitution of 1791 | established a constitutional monarchy with a ministerial executive power answerable to a legislative assembly | |
| 20005745 | Varennes | where Louis XVI was captured by soldiers and brought back to Paris | |
| 20006829 | L'Overture | led black rebels found and declare independent Haiti, which still exists today | |
| 20006830 | Condorcet | elected in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly and wondered why the revolution overlooked women rights, because they are half the population | |
| 20006831 | Tuileries Palace | where the king of France lived | |
| 20006832 | les gros | name for the privileged in France | |
| 20006833 | Legislative Assembly | replaced by the Convention in France | |
| 20006834 | Convention | charged with determining the best form of government after the collapse of the monarchy | |
| 20006835 | Society of Revolutionary Republican Women | women's society disbanded during the reign of terror | |
| 20006836 | Directory | government by committee that replaced Robespierre, and offered mediocrity, caution, and oppurtunism | |
| 20007143 | Concordat of 1801 | recognized Catholicism as the religion of France and restored the Roman Catholic hierarchy | |
| 20007144 | plebiscite | meeting in which Napoleon asked to be First Consul for life | |
| 20007145 | Friedland | battle in which Alexander I was defeated by Napoleon in 1807 | |
| 20007146 | Goya | painted The Disasters of War that depicted the atrocities of the Napoleonic invasion | |
| 20007147 | Peninsular War | French war against Spain 1808 - 1814, spanish guerrila tactics showed French weakness | |
| 20014147 | Leipzig | Where Napoleon was defeated and exiled | |
| 20014148 | Francois | Napoleon's son, who Napoleon advocated to be Napoleon II after Napoleon knew he would lose |
