Chapter 4
Terms : Hide Images
| 298944198 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. | 0 | |
| 298944199 | Zoroastrianism | animist religion that saw material existence as battles between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of the Persian Empire | 1 | |
| 298944200 | Olympic Games | one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 2 | |
| 298944201 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during the 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian war. | 3 | |
| 298944202 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 4 | |
| 298944203 | Philip II | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece; which subjected to Macedonian authority. | 5 | |
| 298944204 | Macedon | City-state north of Greece, led by Philip and Alexander | 6 | |
| 298944205 | Hellenistic Period | that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 7 | |
| 298944206 | Alexandria | a city in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; became a major center of literary studies | 8 | |
| 298944207 | Roman republic | (510 - 47 B.C.E.) The balanced constitution of Rome; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 9 | |
| 298944208 | Punic Wars | fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts | 10 | |
| 298944209 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean | 11 | |
| 298944210 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assasinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators. | 12 | |
| 298944211 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. | 13 | |
| 298944212 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 14 | |
| 298944213 | Constantine | Rome emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. | 15 | |
| 298944214 | polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 298944215 | direct democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 17 | |
| 298944216 | Senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman Constitution | 18 | |
| 298944217 | consuls | Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 19 | |
| 298944218 | Cicero | conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 20 | |
| 298944219 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 21 | |
| 298944220 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 22 | |
| 298944221 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of late 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for "corrupting" minds of Athenian young. | 23 | |
| 298944222 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 24 | |
| 298944223 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 25 | |
| 298944224 | Doric | Along with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles | 26 | |
| 298944225 | Ionic | along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian | 27 | |
| 298944226 | Corinthian | most ornate of the three orders of classical Greek architecture | 28 |
