Terms, names and themes for the NYS Global History and Geography 9 Classical Civilizations unit test and final exam.
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| 1651227226 | City-state | The fundamental political unit of ancient Greece around 750 B.C.; fewer than 20,000 residents. | 0 | |
| 1651227227 | polis | A city-state in ancient Greece. | 1 | |
| 1651227228 | monarchy | Government ruled by a king. | 2 | |
| 1651227229 | aristocracy | A form of government, in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule. | 3 | |
| 1651227230 | oligarchy | A government run by only a few, often the wealthy. | 4 | |
| 1651227231 | direct-democracy | A system of government in which the people participate directly in decision making. | 5 | |
| 1651227232 | citizen | The state of being a citizen of a particular social, political, or national community. | 6 | |
| 1651227233 | dictatorship | A form of government in which the ruler has absolute control over the daily lives of his subjects. | 7 | |
| 1651227234 | theocracy | A government under the control of a Church or state-sponsored religion. | 8 | |
| 1651227235 | Athens | City-state in ancient Greece; associated with democracy. | 9 | |
| 1651227236 | Acropolis | A naturally occurring steep hill that is the geographic and cultural center of a city; Athens. | 10 | |
| 1651227237 | Parthenon | temple to Athena at the Acropolis in Ancient Greece. | 11 | |
| 1651227238 | Greek ideal of perfection | Used in the arts (sculpture, architecture, theatre); emphasized balance and symmetry. | 12 | |
| 1651227239 | Discobolous (discus thrower) | Greek sculpture reflecting the Greek ideal of perfection. | 13 | |
| 1651227240 | Western philosophy | Associated with the works of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. | 14 | |
| 1651227241 | philosopher-king | Plato's ideal ruler from his work "The Republic". | 15 | |
| 1651227242 | Persian Wars | A series of wars fought in early 5th century bce between Persian Empire and Greek city-states. | 16 | |
| 1651227243 | Sparta | City-state in ancient Greece; associated with militarism and dictatorship. | 17 | |
| 1651227244 | Peloponnesian War | War from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece. | 18 | |
| 1651227245 | Roman Republic | 509-27 BCE The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. | 19 | |
| 1651227246 | Roman Empire | An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire. | 20 | |
| 1651227247 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC. | 21 | |
| 1651227248 | Twelve Tables of Law | Formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic; included the 5 Common Principles. | 22 | |
| 1651227249 | Five Common Principles | Basic principles of the Roman republic's Twelve Tables of Law. | 23 | |
| 1651227250 | Patricians | Refers to a group of elite citizens in ancient Roman society. | 24 | |
| 1651227251 | Plebeians | A member of the lower or working class of ancient Roman society. | 25 | |
| 1651227252 | Etruscans | The inhabitant of ancient Etruria; influenced the Romans. | 26 | |
| 1651227253 | Ides of March | March 15 inthe Roman calendar; the date that Julius Caesar was killed in 44 B.C. when he was stabbed to death in the Roman Senate. | 27 | |
| 1651227254 | Roman Forum | Part of the centralized area around which ancient Rome developed as a city; government and public buildings are located there. | 28 | |
| 1651227255 | Pantheon | A religious temple to Roman gods; rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian. | 29 | |
| 1651227256 | Coliseum | An elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy; the largest ever built in the Roman Empire | 30 | |
| 1651227257 | Circus Maximus | An ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome. | 31 | |
| 1651227258 | concrete | A roman invention used in the construction of buildings, aqueducts, and harbors. | 32 | |
| 1651227259 | "all roads lead to Rome" | A reference to the importance of Roman trade and Rome as the center of that trade. | 33 | |
| 1651227260 | Roman roads | 50,000 miles spanned the Roman Empire, spreading its legions, culture and immense influence. | 34 | |
| 1651227261 | Pax Romana | Roman Peace; period of peace and prosperity at the height of the Roman Empire. | 35 | |
| 1651227262 | Barbarian Invasions | Period of time during the Roman Empire when non-Roman people began to migrate to the empire. | 36 | |
| 1651227263 | ethnocentrism | The belief that one's culture is superior to that of another. | 37 | |
| 1651227264 | cultural diffusion | The spread of customs and traditions from one place to another. | 38 | |
| 1651227265 | Silk Road | Trade route from central China, across central Asia, linking the eastern mediterranean region with Asia. | 39 | |
| 1651227266 | Taklmakan | Desert in western China through which the Silk Road passes; "once-you-go-in-you-never-come-out" | 40 | |
| 1651227267 | Desert | A landscape or region that receives little or no precipitation. | 41 | |
| 1651227268 | Han Dynasty | Imperial dynasty that ruled China (206 BC to AD 220); adopted Confucianism as its official philosophy. | 42 | |
| 1651227269 | Confucianism | The teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family. | 43 | |
| 1651227270 | filial piety | Respect for one's parents. | 44 | |
| 1651227271 | civil service exam | official exams for government employees; based on Confucianism. | 45 | |
| 1651227272 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy; strict rules with harsh punishments. | 46 | |
| 1651227273 | Daoism | Philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi. He rejected formal social structures and he roles of people in society. | 47 | |
| 1651227274 | acupuncture | A medical treatment used in China in which needles are used to redirect interal energy for healing. | 48 | |
| 1651227275 | qi (internal energy) | Chinese belief; a "life force" that flows through the human body. | 49 | |
| 1651227276 | Buddhism | South Asian religion which spread to China along the Silk Road. | 50 | |
| 1651227277 | Socrates | Ancient Greek philosopher from Athens; was tried and executed for "curropting the youth" of Athens. | 51 | |
| 1651227278 | Plato | Ancient Greek philosopher from Athens; a student of Socrates; wrote "The Republic". | 52 | |
| 1651227279 | Aristotle | Ancient Greek philosopher; student of Plato; focused on Science | 53 | |
| 1651227280 | Homer | Epic poet of ancient Greece; wrote "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey." | 54 | |
| 1651227281 | Herodotus | The "father of history" in ancient Greece; wrote "The Persian Wars" - used myth and legend. | 55 | |
| 1651227282 | Thucydides | Wrote "The Peloponesian War"; used interviews and first-hand accounts. | 56 | |
| 1651227283 | Pericles | Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; promoted democracy. | 57 | |
| 1651227284 | Athena | Goddess of ancient Athens. | 58 | |
| 1651227285 | Julius Caesar | A Roman military general and emperor who ruled from 49 BC - 15 March 44 BC. | 59 | |
| 1651227286 | Caesar Augustus (Octavian) | The first ruler of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from January 27 BC until his death in AD 14. | 60 | |
| 1651227287 | Hadrian | The fourteenth emperor of Rome from AD 117 to 138; rebuilt the Pantheon and constrcuted Hadrian's Wall in England. | 61 | |
| 1651227288 | Qin Shi Huangdi | First emperor of China during the Qin Dynasty; built the Terra-Cotta Army as part of his tomb. | 62 | |
| 1651227289 | Wu Di | 5th Emperor of the Han Dynasty. | 63 | |
| 1651227290 | Han Fei zi | Chinese Legalist philosopher. | 64 | |
| 1651227291 | Confucius (Kung zi) | Chinese philosopher; emphasized social relationships and proper behavior. | 65 | |
| 1651227292 | Lao zi | Ancient Chinese philosopher. | 66 | |
| 1651227293 | classical civilization | Relating to Greece, Rome, Han Dynasty China. | 67 | |
| 1651227294 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty. | 68 | |
| 1651227295 | Terra-Cotta Warriors | The terracotta figures, dating from 210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers near Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China near the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. | 69 |
