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| 8114420172 | Confirmation Bias | The tendency to view information in a way that validates our existing opinions and beliefs. In other words, we are generally predisposed to be less skeptical of information that corroborates our preconceived ideas than we are of information that contradicts our opinions. We are also more likely to seek and to remember facts and arguments that support their own views. In essence, we search for and cling to information that confirms out already-held beliefs, and we tend to disregard contrary information. Example: Ignoring any news report or opinion broadcasted by XYZ News because you usually disagree with the channel's commentaries. | 0 | |
| 8114420173 | Bandwagon Effect | The human tendency to make decisions on the basis of the majority opinion. In the phenomenon, people are inclined to view the popularity of a certain point of view as sufficient evidence for the truth of the view, rather than logically evaluating the facts. Example: Assuming that Che Guevara was an admirable person, without first studying his historical legacy, because your friends wear T-shirts that bear his image. | 1 | |
| 8114422343 | Wishful Thinking | Irrational optimism in which an individual will form conclusions based on idealized imagined incomes, rather than objectively examining the evidence at hand. We tend to predict positive results more often than negative results even when the positive outcomes we predict defy logic. Example: Feeling certain that you will win the lottery, despite the fact that your chance of winning is less than one in a million. | 2 | |
| 8114423791 | Framing Bias | When the same information is presented in different ways, we tend to respond differently based on how the issue is presented. This becomes apparent when an individual is presented with two identical options that are described in different terms. Example: Preferring a glass that's described as "half full" to one that is "half empty" or thinking that a gallon of ice cream sounds more appealing than four quarts. | 3 | |
| 8114423792 | Clustering Illusion | The human tendency to perceive patterns where no patterns exists. The human mind is inclined to misread statistical data. Example: Assuming that there is a relationship between weather patterns and days of the week because it has rained every Saturday for the past month. | 4 | |
| 8114426474 | Gambler's Fallacy | People tend to believe that the results of a random event, like a coin toss, will affect the probability of future outcomes. In reality, the results of a random event will have no effect on future random events. Example: The idea that lightning never strikes in the same 0place twice is based on the ________________. | 5 | |
| 8114429450 | Halo Effect | When we are exposed to a person who has one positive quality, we are ,ore likely to attribute other desirable traits to the individual. Physical attractiveness, for example, can make a person seem more intelligent or honest than he or she really is. | 6 | |
| 8114429451 | Illusory Superiority | The tendency to view oneself as superior to others. Individuals tend to rate themselves as being above average in positive traits and below average in negative traits. Example: Believing that you are actually a much safer driver than most, despite your numerous accidents and speeding tickets. | 7 | |
| 8114434319 | Self-Serving Bias | When a individual claims an undue amount of credit for a positive situation or an inadequate amount of blame for a negative condition. Example: Taking credit for your daughter's good grades, while blaming her poor study habits on her teacher. | 8 |
