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| 594498914 | Hutton | Said that layers of rock are formed by earth's movement. And the hint of rain and temperature give the formations we see. | |
| 594498915 | Lyell | Past events that still occur till these days: uniformitarianism | |
| 594498916 | Structure of the Earth | Deduced from the action resulted by an earthquake. | |
| 594498917 | Primary Waves Secondary Waves | Travel through any material Only travel through solids | |
| 594498918 | Core | Composed by inner and nickel | |
| 594498919 | Inner Core | The high temperature could reach the liquid state but a big pressure keeps it solid. | |
| 594498920 | Outer Core | Less pressure, therefore is liquid. Can travel, producing earth's magnetic field. | |
| 594498921 | Mantle | The largest layer. Really hot. Defined as plastic | |
| 594498922 | Asthenosphere | More plastic than the rest of the upper mantle because it contains liquid (plastic)from the lower mantle | |
| 594498923 | Lithosphere | From the mantle to the crate. It's rigid and broken up into plates | |
| 594498924 | Crust | Uppermost part of the lithosphere | |
| 594498925 | Oceanic Crust | The denser part of the Crust because it is so compact. Also called basalt | |
| 594498926 | Continental Crust | Most above sea level. Lower density | |
| 594498927 | Plate tectonics | Has caused the creation of large scales on the earth | |
| 594498928 | Divergent Plate Boundary | Also known as spreading centers because it's where new cross is formed. Plates move toward divergent (opposite) directions | |
| 594498929 | Convergent Plate Boundary | Plates move toward convergent (the same) directions | |
| 594498930 | Oceanic-oceanic convergence | One plate slide under another. Form volcanos under the water that can become islands | |
| 594498931 | Oceanic-continental convergence | The oceanic plate will slide under the continental plate. Form continental volcanos. | |
| 594498932 | Continental-continental convergence | Small amount of subduction because the plates have the same density. The plates collide and mountains occur. | |
| 594498933 | Transform Boundaries | Plates slide past each other | |
| 594498934 | Continental Drift - Wegner | Purposed that the continents used to be together and formed a large continent called pangea. Theory not really accepted because Wegner did not have the mechanisms to prove it. | |
| 594498935 | Seafloor Spreading - Hess | Noticed polarities on the sea floor. The different polarities altern and this is important because provides the mechanism for continental drift | |
| 594498936 | Lamarck | Theory of use and disuse. All species have tendency toward complecity and perfection. Some organisms will become prominent by use and disuse Organ system that allows survivement and reproduction and can be passed to the offspring Theory proved wrong because acquired characteristics can't be passed to offspring | |
| 594498937 | Malthus | Realized that human grows more than dies and only catastrophic events could stop it | |
| 594498938 | Theory of Evolution | Theory made by Darwin after his trip awound the world | |
| 594498939 | Obs #1 | All populations would grow exponentially if all individuals reproduced successfully | |
| 594498940 | Obs #2 | Populations tend to be stable except for when the season changes and they migrate | |
| 594498941 | Obs #3 | Resources are limited | |
| 594498942 | Interference #1 | More individuals than the environment can support causes a struggle for surviving among the population and only some survive | |
| 594498943 | Obs #4 | Individuals of a populations change their characteristics. No individuals are exactly alike. | |
| 594498944 | Obs #5 | Much of the variation in heritable | |
| 594498945 | Interference #2 | Individuals whose inherited high traits have more chances to leave more offspring than others | |
| 594498946 | Interference #3 | The differences among individuals will lead to a change among the population. They can leave good characteristics accumulating over generations. | |
| 594498947 | Natural Selection | Organisms take over a habitat, fill the niches, change with each generation and the last allows them to take more adventages over the habitat. | |
| 594498948 | Called adaptations | Species are thought to have descended with changes of other species | |
| 594498949 | Artificial Selection | Humans modify individuals according to what they want to produce. This is not a natural change, is ARTIFICIAL | |
| 594498950 | Fossil Record | Fossils found in layers of rocks are proof of change over time | |
| 594498951 | Geographic Distribution | Or biogeographic. Found that animals in different continents had the same behaviors and body structures. According to him, it was the environment that adapted these animals to the behaviors and bodies. | |
| 594498952 | Analogous Structures | The same functions of biogeography (animals adapted to behaviors and body structures by the environment and pressures of natural selection) | |
| 594498953 | Homologous Structures | Individuals with different form and function but constructed by the same basic bones. Ex: four-limbed creatures with back bones come from the same ancestors | |
| 594498954 | Similarities in early development | Vertebrates that look the same. Evolutionists believe that the common cells and tissues, that grow in similar ways, are a proof of homologous structures and so are a proof of evolution | |
| 594498955 | Patterns of Evolution | Is the evolutionary changes that take place over a lonmg period of time. | |
| 594498956 | Mass Extinctions | A huge number of species disappearing really fast and ecosystems wiped out, what causes the disruption of energy flow and the collapse of food webs | |
| 594498957 | K-T Boundary | A layer of clay around the whole world that has a concentration of an element that does not occur is earth, it occured when we had the dinosaurs' extinction | |
| 594498958 | Adaptie Radiation | When some species take adventages over a niche and developt adaptions to better explore it. | |
| 594498959 | Evolution Modalities | Three ways of evolution that produce analogous structures | |
| 594498960 | Divergent Evolution | An ancestral species that changes overtime | |
| 594498961 | Converging Evolution | Completely different environments that apply the same pressure and so create individuals similiar to each other | |
| 594498962 | Parallel Evolution | Also lives to analogous structures | |
| 594498963 | Co-Evolution | Process by which two species evolve and respond to changes over time | |
| 594498964 | Gene for Gene Resistance | Ex: AVR: the disease R: the resistance - immune the receptor (can protect from AVR) | |
| 594498965 | Punctuated Equilibrium | Rapped evolution that occurs after a period of no evolution. It's not gradualism, species do not evolve gradually | |
| 594498966 | Mutation in Developmental Genes | Genes called HOX specify the body plan. Changes in these genes could produce a new body plan | |
| 594498967 | Speciation I | Species are a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Population is a group of individuals from the same species in one location. Gene pool is the combined info of all member of a pop. Evolution is complete when two species can no more produce viable offspring. | |
| 594498968 | Speciation II | Two species reproductively isolated from each other | |
| 594498969 | Pre-zigotic | Speciation that occurs before the zygote is formed | |
| 594498970 | Behavioral Isolation | Are able to produce fertile offspring but because of their different mating habits, they dont mate and therefore are reproductively isolated | |
| 594498971 | Geographic Isolation | Or habitat isolation. Two populations separated by geography so they do not mate. | |
| 594498972 | Temporal Isolation | Are phiscally able to mate but are fertile at distinct times | |
| 594498973 | Mechanical Isolation | They do not match | |
| 594498974 | Non Viability of the Embryo | Has so many genetic problems that the embryo dies as soon as it gets formed | |
| 594498975 | Sterility of the Offspring | Can be produced and have a healthy life, but it can not produce offspring. | |
| 594498976 | Microevolution | Change in a an allele frequencies over time | |
| 594498977 | Genetic drift | A change in a population allele frequencies do to chances | |
| 594498978 | Bottleneck effect | Drastic reduction in population size | |
| 594498979 | Founder effect | Formation of a new colony | |
| 594498980 | Natural Selection | Accumulation and maintaing favorable genotypes in a pop. Due to diffrential success and reproduction and acts on phenotypes | |
| 594498981 | Single Gene Traits | A single gene produces a phenotype that can be EITHER: for or against. | |
| 594498982 | Polygenic Traits | Produced by more than one gene. Represented by Bell Curve. | |
| 594498983 | Directional Selection | One extreme of the population (curve) is selected against | |
| 594498984 | Stabilizing Selection | Two extremes are selected against, what results in more of the average. | |
| 594498985 | Disrupted | The average (middle) is selected against and the extremes live to fight again. | |
| 594498986 | Gene flow | A change in allele frequences caused by a migration of fertille individuals into or out for a population | |
| 594498987 | Mutation | Change in organisms' DNA. To affect the population in must occur in a gamete and this gamete must be used to create another individual | |
| 594498988 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | Population that is not evolving. 5 causes? Random mating Population must be large No gene flow No net mutation of alleles Natural selection not acting on individuals | |
| 594498989 | Hardy | Equations used to calculate genetic frequencies of a population. | |
| 594498990 | BB - 1st B dominant allele - P Bb bb - 1st B recessive allele - Q | Homozygous dominant Heterozygous Homozygous recessive | |
| 594498991 | P+Q=1 | To calculate allele frequencies ex: P = 0.8 Q=? Q=0.2 | |
| 594498992 | P2+2PQ+Q2=1 | To calculate genotypic frequencies |
