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| 10906817814 | Heat treated glass | reheating annealed glass in an over and then cooling both of its surfaces rapidly with blasts of air while its core cools much more slowly. Produces glass that's stronger in bending and more resistant to thermal stress and impact. ○ Good for windows exposed to heavy wind pressure, impact, or intense heat or cold. | 0 | |
| 10906817815 | Tempered Glass | four times as strong in bending as annealed glass, when it breaks it breaks into small square edged shapes rather than large shards. ○ Good for Safety glazing in locations of possible occupant impact. Used for all glass doors and sports facilities. | 1 | |
| 10906817816 | Heat strengthened glass | lower cost substitute for tempered. Twice as strong in bending as annealed glass and more resistant to thermal stresses. Can be cut after treated without risk of shattering. Breakage pattern closer to annealed. ○ Not good for safety glass because of break pattern, except in laminated form. | 2 | |
| 10906817817 | Laminated glass | made by sandwiching a transparent polyvinyl butyral interlayer between sheets of glass and bonding the three layers together under heat and pressure. Not as strong as annealed glass of the same thickness, but is held together by interlayer when it breaks. Used for skylights and overhead glazing because it reduces risk of injury to those below. | 3 | |
| 10906817818 | Security glass | used in banking windows and other facilities is mate of multi layers of glass and PVB and is available in thicknesses to stop any caliber of bullet. Also used in blast-resistant and windborne debris resistant glazing systems. | 4 | |
| 10906817819 | Fire-rated glass | ○ Fire protection rated glazing- used within fire rated door and window assemblies; tested and rated 20-90min. Typically wired glass was used, but these days tempered glass is also used. | 5 | |
| 10906817820 | Tinted and Reflective glass coatings | ○ Tinting the glass by adding small amounts of chemicals to the molten glass mixture to change the color of the glass and reduce the VT, can be in the range of .75-.10 VT | 6 | |
| 10906817821 | Insulating Glass | A second sheet of glass applied with an airspace cuts the rate of heat loss of a window in half. | 7 | |
| 10906817822 | Low-E coated glass | ○ Ultrathin, almost transparent metallic coatings that selectively reflect solar radiation at different wavelengths. Allows low-e double glazing to meet or exceed the thermal performance of triple glazing. | 8 | |
| 10906817823 | Formwork | • One of the biggest expenses of cast-in-place concrete To minimize cost: forms should be reusable (use uniform sizes throughout concrete elements. | 9 | |
| 10906817824 | Vapor Barrier | placed directly below the concrete slab on top of sand cushion layer, is a thin sheet material designed to prevent water vapor from passing through it. | 10 | |
| 10906817825 | Vapor Retarder | only slows the rate of water vapor transmission. | 11 | |
| 10906817826 | Concrete | Portland Cement, aggregates, water admixtures | 12 | |
| 10906817827 | Slump test | Measure the consistency and workability of the concrete mix. Acceptable range in building construction is a slump of 2-6" | 13 | |
| 10906817828 | Cylinder test | measures the compressive strength of concrete using standard test cylinders, pulled from each batch of concrete and left to cure to 7 and 28 days. | 14 | |
| 10906817829 | Methods of curing concrete | ○ Supply additional moisture to the surface by ponding or sprinkling ○ Using wet covering, such as moist sand, burlap or straw ○ Covering the surface with a membrane or curing compound the prevents evaporation Leaving wood forms in place and keeping them moist. | 15 | |
| 10906817830 | Pre-stressed concrete | • Concrete placed in compression by applying a tensile force to steel before the external loads are applied. Causes stresses in the concrete that are opposite in direction from those caused by external loads. | 16 | |
| 10906817831 | Pre-tensioning | steel is stretched between abutments, at casting yard and tensioned by jacks before placing the concrete. Lends itself to mass production as several elements can be done at once | 17 | |
| 10906817832 | Post-tensioning | concrete is cast with a hollow duct or sleeve to encase steel and prevent bonding. After concrete has cured the steel is tension by jacking which compresses the concrete. End anchors lock steel in place permanently. | 18 | |
| 10906817833 | Pre-cast concrete | • Has greatest economic advantage when there are many identical members to be cast, and same forms can be used several times. Better quality control (done in factory), Can be steam cured which allows for better control, cast all year round, erectable in all weather, faster construction time | 19 | |
| 10906817834 | Facing bricks | intended for both structural and nonstructural applications; best looking; | 20 | |
| 10906817835 | Building bricks | used where they cannot be seen | 21 | |
| 10906817836 | Solid bricks | facing and building, yet may be cored or frogged to permit more even drying and firing of the bricks. Creating bricks that are easier to handle and lightweight. Must be 75 percent solid on surface facing. | 22 | |
| 10906817837 | Hollow bricks | Creating bricks that are easier to handle and lightweight. Must be 75 percent solid on surface facing. • Hollow bricks- may be up to 60 percent void, and enable the insertion of grouting of steel reinforcing bars in single wythes of brick. | 23 | |
| 10906817838 | Reinforced brick Masonry | • Deformed steel bars are placed in thickened collar joints to strengthen a brick wall or lintel. • Create by constructing two wythes of brick 2-4 inches apart, place steel, fill with grout. | 24 | |
| 10906817839 | Composite Masonry Walls | use different masonry materials in different parts of the wall construction to achieve optimum balance between appearance, longevity and economy ○ Traditionally builders brick was the backup with prettier face brick , terracotta or stone in front ○ Today CMU is typical with steel ties or reinforcing to connect Space between wythes is filled solid with mortar. | 25 | |
| 10906817840 | Masonry Cavity Walls | ○ Interposes a hollow vertical space within the wall to intercept water that penetrates the outer wythe. ○ Only ties made of corrosion resistant galvanized or stainless steel span the cavity and connect face to backup. | 26 | |
| 10906817841 | Wide-Flange | 4-44" deep, weights per linear foot are 9-730 ibs. | 27 | |
| 10906817842 | Cast Steel | can be used to produce structural shapes but are usually more expensive, but are nice when using specialized steel alloys, can be non-uniform in shape and can incorporate curves or complex geometries, and can be tailored to fit a particular part- such as for custom shaped connections. | 28 | |
| 10906817843 | Cold-worked steel | rolled or bent in a cold state, causes stronger steel member. Light-gauge steel sheet is formed into c sections to make short span framing members that are often used to frame partitions and exterior walls. Also used to make corrugated sheets to be used as decking. Heavier sheets are bent into rectangular or round shapes to make steel tubing. | 29 | |
| 10906817844 | Open-web steel joists | made from cold rolled shapes, mass produced and used in closely spaced arrays to support floor and roof decks. K series span 60', LH series span as far as 96', DLH span 144', depth increases with span to up to 72" deep. Spaced 2-10' on center | 30 | |
| 10906817845 | Braced Frame | uses diagonal bracing to create stable triangular configurations within the otherwise naturally unstable rectilinear geometry of the frame. Use pin connections to resist moments. | 31 | |
| 10906817846 | Eccentrically braced frame | ends of diagonal braces are offset some distance from each other where they connect to horizontal members. Have greater energy-absorbing capacity into the frame, important for earthquakes. Relay on shear connections. | 32 | |
| 10906817847 | Shear Walls | stiff walls made of steel concrete or reinforced concrete. Act like diagonal bracing in braced frame and permit shear connections to be used | 33 | |
| 10906817848 | Moment-resisting frames | rely on stronger and stiffere moment connections between beams and columns to provide lateral stability. Because these connections are difficult to make they are only used as necessary. | 34 | |
| 10906817849 | Rigid Core | place stabilization in the core of the building especially for shear walls, although moment connections are strong enough for that. Rigid core buildings usually have elevators and other utilities running in this area with flex space to the outside. | 35 | |
| 10906817850 | rigid perimeter | placing bracing and shear walls along the outer walls, sometimes called tube structures. Can be more efficient that core, since strength is spread out. | 36 | |
| 10906817851 | Curtain wall | exterior wall supported at each story by the frame. Because it bears no vertical load it can be thin and light. Can be constructed on any noncombustible material. | 37 | |
| 10906817852 | Entrances | systems of aluminum framed doors, hardware, framing and glass typically used for commercial buildings. Used for framing vestibules, sidelights, transoms and the like | 38 | |
| 10906817853 | Aluminum Storefronts | are based on simplified, lighter framing elements that are less expensive and quicker to assemble. Can only span vertically 10-12 feet. Installed between floor slabs and wall openings. | 39 | |
| 10906817854 | Aluminum Curtain Walls | most high performance, sophisticated and costly of aluminum and glass systems. Can be readily applied to any number of stories and are stiffer to resist high wind loads on tall buildings. Joints can tolerate large deflections and thermal expansion of aluminum. Better sealing and water drainage systems. | 40 | |
| 10906817855 | Stick System | comprised of metal mullions and rectangular glass panels and spandrel panels that are assembled on site. | 41 | |
| 10906817856 | Unit System | curtain wall installation, uses factory production to minimize on site labor, but units require more space during shipping and protection from damage. | 42 | |
| 10906817857 | Panel System | made up of homogeneous units that are formed of metal sheet. Similar to unit system but requires more custom tooling and is only good if large number of identical panels are being used. | 43 | |
| 10906817858 | Column-cover and spandrel system | emphasizes structural module of the building rather than creating its own grid on the façade. | 44 | |
| 10906817859 | Double skin façade | wall is constructed of two separate glass and cladding systems separated by airspace that is wide enough for people to pass between. Great for thermal performance, space for shading elements, natural ventilation designs in tall buildings, quieter building interior. Can take up large amount of usable floor area, increase cost, more glass must be cleaned. | 45 | |
| 10906817860 | Low sloped roofs | have slope lower than 2:12 or 17 percent. | 46 | |
| 10906817861 | Min roof slope | § Either decking or insulation is sloped to drain water, 1/4 inch per foot min | 47 | |
| 10906817862 | below the structural deck | mineral or glass fiber batts are installed either between framing members or on top of suspended ceiling. Requires ventilated air space. Most economical and easy to install, but leaves deck and membrane exposed to temperature fluctuations. | 48 | |
| 10906817863 | Vapor retarders | are applied to warm, conditioned side of roof insulation. Spray foam insulation can provide vapor and insulation resistance. | 49 | |
| 10906817864 | between the deck and the roof membrane | traditionally used, low density rigid boards or lightweight concrete that can support the membrane and foot traffic are used. Protects the deck from outdoor temps and is protected from the elements by the membrane. Moisture can accumulate within the insulation from membrane leaks or diffusion of moisture from within(cool climates). Install vapor retarder from below the insulation and in large roofs, ventilation vents can be used to relieve vapor pressure. | 50 | |
| 10906817865 | above the roof membrane | "protected membrane roof", protects the membrane from extremes of heat and cold, and membrane is on warm side so it will not blister from vapor migration. Extruded polystyrene is most common and does not readily decay, these are imbedded in a coat of hot asphalt to adhere them to the membrane or laid loose. Ballast holds them down and protects them. Roof generally lasts longer, but insulation may lose some of its r value over time. Repairs are also more costly. | 51 | |
| 10906817866 | BUR | Built up roof systems is assembled in place by multiple layers of asphalt impregnated roofing felt bedding into layer of hot bitumen. Ballast on top. | 52 | |
| 10906817867 | MBR | modified bitumen roof membrane, factory manufactured sheets of polymer- modified bitumen's to increase the materials flexibility , toughness and resistance flow. Assembled in overlapping sheets for form multi ply systems 2-3 layers thick. Bonded by torch. Cap sheet is surfaced with mineral granules for greater resistance to UV, wear, and fire. Combine toughness of multi-ply system with improved material qualities of factory production. | 53 | |
| 10906817868 | TPO | made from blends of polyethelene reinforced with fibers and fabrics. Good resistance to heat and UV radiation. Can be heat welded seams. | 54 | |
| 10906817869 | EPDM | most commonly used thermosetting roof membrane, is a synthetic rubber that may or may not include fiber or fabric reinforcing. Resists ozone, heat and UV and weathering. Can be black or white. Cannot be heat welded so seaming is performed with tapes or adhesives. | 55 | |
| 10906817870 | Plywood | is most common, coated on one side with oil, a water resistant glue or plastic to prevent water from penetrating wood and make form more reusable. Supported with solid wood framing that is braced or shored. | 56 | |
| 10906817871 | Prefabricated steel forms | very strong and easy to reuse. Used often to form one way joist systems, waffle slabs, round columns and other special shapes. | 57 | |
| 10906817872 | Form Ties | metal wire or rods used to hold opposite sides of the form together and prevent collapse. Wire remains in concrete when form is removed and the excess is twisted or cut off. | 58 | |
| 10906817873 | vapor barrier | • For slabs on grade, is necessary to prevent the migration of moisture through the slab onto the surfaces of the slab or into the space above the slab. | 59 | |
| 10906817874 | .45 to .5 | Max Water to Cement ratio | 60 | |
| 10906817875 | 40 and 60 | common grades for steel reinforcing bar, refers to tensile strength | 61 | |
| 10906817876 | 250 ksi | tensile strength for pre-stressing wire | 62 | |
| 10906817877 | max size of aggregates | no larger than 1/3 slab thickness or 3/4 the distance between reinforcing | 63 | |
| 10906817878 | C-D Exterior | common grade of plywood for roof sheathing | 64 | |
| 10906817879 | Type I | Standard Cement | 65 | |
| 10906817880 | Type II | low heat of hydration and sulfate resistant | 66 | |
| 10906817881 | Type III | high early strength cement | 67 | |
| 10906817882 | Type IV | slow setting and low heat of hydration for massive structures | 68 | |
| 10906817883 | 1:2:4 | Common cement to sand to gravel ratio | 69 | |
| 10906817884 | Air-Entraining agents | form tiny, dispersed bubbles in concrete. This increases workability and durability and improves its resistance to freeze/thaw and reduces segregation of components during placement | 70 | |
| 10906817885 | Accelerators | speed up the hydration of the cement so that the concrete achieves strength faster. Allows for faster construction and reduces length needed for protection during cold weather. | 71 | |
| 10906817886 | Retarders | slow down the settling time to help reduce heat of hydration. | 72 | |
| 10906817887 | Galvanic Series | Zinc, Alum, Iron/steel, 304 Stainless steel, copper, bronze, brass, tin, lead, 316 stainless steel, titanium, 304 stainless steel, gold |  | 73 |
| 10906817888 | Wrought iron | iron that has a very low carbon content (less than .30%) and a substantial amount of slag ○ Soft, ductile and resistant to corrosion ○ Limited to ornamental iron work- gates, grilles, and fences | 74 | |
| 10906817889 | Cast Iron | iron with carbon content above 2% Grey cast iron with a high silica content is used for various types of castings such as plumbing valves, pipes and hardware. | 75 | |
| 10906817890 | Steel | is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements | 76 | |
| 10906817891 | Bonderize | coat with an anticorrosive phosphate solution in preparation for the application of paint, enamel or lacquer | 77 | |
| 10906817892 | ASTM A36 | is most commonly used for structural purposes and has a yield strength of 36 ksi | 78 | |
| 10906817893 | Wide Flange Members | § Designated by W the nominal depth in inches x the weight, W18 X 85 is 18 inches deep and 85ib/ft | 79 | |
| 10906817894 | Channel | only have flanges on one side of the web, and are designated with the letter C followed by depth and weight per foot. Depth is actual and weight is added by increasing the thickness of the web and the insides of the flanges. Usually used to frame openings, form stair stringers, or other applications where a flush side is required | 80 | |
| 10906817895 | Structural Tees | are made by cutting either a wide flange section or I beam in half. If cut from a wide flange, it is designated by WT, and if I beam then ST. Often used for chords of steel trusses | 81 | |
| 10906817896 | Steel Angle | can have equal or unequal legs and are designated by the letter L followed by the lengths of the angles and then followed by the thicknesses of the legs. Used in pairs as members for steel trusses or singly as lintels. Also for bracing other structural members. | 82 | |
| 10906817897 | K Series | 8-60ft spans, 8-30inch depth, increase in 2 inch increments (OWJ) | 83 | |
| 10906817898 | LH Series | 25-96ft spans, 18-48inch depths, increase in 4 inch increments (OWJ's) | 84 | |
| 10906817899 | DLH Series | series 89-144ft spans, 52-96inch depths, increase in 4 inch increments | 85 | |
| 10906817900 | Interior partitions | lightweight metal framing, use 20-25 gage in depths from 1 5/8-6inches. | 86 | |
| 10906817901 | Lightweight Metal Joists | are available 6-14 inch in gages from 10-20. Can span up to 40 ft. | 87 |
