Chapters 1, 2, and 3
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| 1683128170 | Nutrition | the study of food and health, nutrients, their action, process by which it ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances | 0 | |
| 1683128171 | List two risk factors for chronic diseases | poor diet and sedentary lifestyle | 1 | |
| 1683128172 | Nutrients | nourishing substances that come from food, provide energy, provide building blocks, vital for growth and maintenance | 2 | |
| 1683128173 | Six classes of nutrients | vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, water, proteins | 3 | |
| 1683128174 | Essential nutrients | nutrients the body cannot make for itself and must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies | 4 | |
| 1683128175 | Three characteristics of essential nutrients | omission leads to decline, regain normal function when restored to diet, and has specific biological function | 5 | |
| 1683128176 | Carbohydrate make up | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 6 | |
| 1683128177 | Number of kilocalories yielded by carbohydrates | 4 kcal/gm | 7 | |
| 1683128178 | Example of a monosaccharide | glucose | 8 | |
| 1683128179 | Example of a disaccharide | sucrose (fructose + glucose) | 9 | |
| 1683128180 | Example of a polysaccharide | Starch | 10 | |
| 1683128181 | Examples of dietary fiber | hemicelluloses, pectins, gurns, mucilages, cellulose, lignin | 11 | |
| 1683128182 | Lipids make up | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 12 | |
| 1683128183 | Number of kilocalories yielded by lipids | 9 kcal/gm | 13 | |
| 1683128184 | Triglycerides | major storage form of energy, fats and oils | 14 | |
| 1683128185 | Saturated fatty acids | butter, do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds | 15 | |
| 1683128186 | Unsaturated fatty acids | corn oils, contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds | 16 | |
| 1683128187 | Proteins make up | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | 17 | |
| 1683128188 | Number of kilocalories yielded by protein | 4 kcal/gm | 18 | |
| 1683128189 | Proteins are a part of what? | Muscle, blood, enzymes, immune factors, body cells | 19 | |
| 1683128190 | Function of vitamins | To enable chemical reactions | 20 | |
| 1683128191 | Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K | 21 | |
| 1683128192 | Water soluble vitamins | B and C | 22 | |
| 1683128193 | Function of minerals | Function in cellular processes, nervous system, water balance, structural systems | 23 | |
| 1683128194 | Two kinds of minerals | Major minerals and trace minerals (less than 100 mg) | 24 | |
| 1683128195 | Water make up | hydrogen, oxygen | 25 | |
| 1683128196 | Recommended intake of water | 9 to 13 cups per day | 26 | |
| 1683128197 | Function of water | solvent, lubricant, medium for transport, chemical processes, and temperature regulator | 27 | |
| 1683128198 | Phytochemicals | Chemicals found in plants that may provide significant benefits of health | 28 | |
| 1683128199 | Examples of phytochemicals | Resveratrol, curcumin (from turmeric), lycopene, lutein, anthocyanins, EGCG | 29 | |
| 1683128200 | Amount of fat recommended by the food and nutrition board | 20% to 35% | 30 | |
| 1683128201 | Amount of carbohydrates recommended by the food and nutrition board | 45% to 65% | 31 | |
| 1683128202 | Amount of proteins recommended by the food and nutrition board | 10% to 35% | 32 | |
| 1683128203 | Food sources of polyphenols | blueberries, strawberries, raspberries | 33 | |
| 1683128204 | Food sources of flavonoids | citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, chocolate | 34 | |
| 1683128205 | Food sources of indoles | Broccoli, cabbage, kale | 35 | |
| 1683128206 | Food sources of phytosterals | soybeans | 36 | |
| 1683128207 | Examples of complex carbohydrates | fiber, starch, glycogen | 37 | |
| 1683128208 | Examples of electrolyte minerals | potassium, chloride, sodium | 38 | |
| 1683128209 | True statements about fiber | Not digestible by human enzymes, type of carbohydrate, adds bulk to the feces | 39 | |
| 1683128210 | Nutrients that do not dissolve in water | Lipids | 40 | |
| 1683128211 | Nutrients that are inorganic | Minerals | 41 | |
| 1683128212 | Main structural material in the body | Proteins | 42 | |
| 1683128213 | Main function of vitamins in the body | Aid chemical reactions that release energy | 43 | |
| 1683128214 | Metabolism | The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells | 44 | |
| 1683128215 | Nutrient that does not promote growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues | Carbohydrates | 45 | |
| 1683128216 | Chronic disease | A disease that develops over a long period of time | 46 | |
| 1683128217 | Hunger | physical biological drive | 47 | |
| 1683128218 | Appetite | psychological drive | 48 | |
| 1683128219 | Satiety | Temporary halt of desire to eat | 49 | |
| 1683128220 | Hormones that increase hunger | Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), endorphins | 50 | |
| 1683128221 | Hormones that cause satiety | Leptin, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK) | 51 | |
| 1683128222 | Nutrient density | Comparison of vitamin and mineral content with amount of calories it provides | 52 | |
| 1683128223 | Energy density | Comparison of calorie content with weight of food | 53 | |
| 1683128224 | Examples of food high in energy density | nuts, cookies, fried foods, mayonnaise, butter | 54 | |
| 1683128225 | Anthropometric assessment | height, weight, waist circumference, skinfold thickness | 55 | |
| 1683128226 | Biochemical assessment | blood and urine assays, enzyme activities, glucose, cholesterol, etc. | 56 | |
| 1683128227 | Clinical assessment | appearance of skin, eyes, tongue, sense of touch, ability to walk | 57 | |
| 1683128228 | Dietary assessment | usual intake or record of foods consumed | 58 | |
| 1683128229 | Environmental assessment | living conditions, education level and the ability of the person to purchase food, transport and cook foods needed to maintain health | 59 | |
| 1683128230 | What's on the food label? | product name, manufacturer's name and address, uniform serving size, amount in the package, ingredients in descending order by weight, nutrient components, macronutrients | 60 | |
| 1683128231 | What food requires a label? | a packaged food or a processed meat product | 61 | |
| 1683128232 | Which population group should obtain synthetic sources of vitamin B-12 by consuming fortified foods or dietary supplements? | Adults age 50 and older | 62 | |
| 1683128233 | Dietary supplements or herbal products can be marketed in the United States under DSHEA _______ approval | without FDA's | 63 | |
| 1683128234 | UL | highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects | 64 | |
| 1683128235 | EER | estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level | 65 | |
| 1683128236 | AI | nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA | 66 | |
| 1683128237 | RDA | nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender | 67 | |
| 1683128238 | Optional components on the Nutrition Facts panel of a food label | Potassium, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat | 68 | |
| 1683128239 | The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 | Outlines that FDA must prove the product is unsafe before preventing its sale. Classifies vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal medicines as foods. Restrains FDA from regulation vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal medicines as drugs and food additives. | 69 | |
| 1683128240 | Nutrient components that must appear on the nutrition facts food label | sugar, total calories, fiber | 70 | |
| 1683128241 | Cytoplasm | fluid and organelles within the cell. anaerobic metabolism. | 71 | |
| 1683128242 | Mitochondria | major site of energy production. aerobic. not in red blood cells. | 72 | |
| 1683128243 | DNA | genetic material | 73 | |
| 1683128244 | RNA | transcribes information on DNA through a "messenger" (transcription). directs protein synthesis (translation). | 74 | |
| 1683128245 | Nutrigenomics | how your nutrition control your genes | 75 | |
| 1683128246 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum- ribosomes function | protein synthesis | 76 | |
| 1683128247 | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function | fat synthesis | 77 | |
| 1683128248 | Gogli complex | packaging site for protein as secretory vesicles | 78 | |
| 1683128249 | Lysosomes | cell's digestive system- involved in digesting foreign organisms | 79 | |
| 1683128250 | Peroxisomes | contain enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals | 80 | |
| 1683128251 | Epithelial tissue | lines outside surfaces and external passages | 81 | |
| 1683128252 | Epithelial tissue function | secretion, absorption, and excretion | 82 | |
| 1683128253 | Example of epithelial tissue | skin | 83 | |
| 1683128254 | Connective tissue | holds structures together | 84 | |
| 1683128255 | Connective tissue function | protect, store fat, produce blood cells | 85 | |
| 1683128256 | Connective tissue example | bone marrow | 86 | |
| 1683128257 | Muscle tissue | contraction: to cause movement | 87 | |
| 1683128258 | Nervous tissue | brain and spinal cord | 88 | |
| 1683128259 | Nervous tissue function | conduct nerve impulses | 89 | |
| 1683128260 | Artery | carries blood away from heart | 90 | |
| 1683128261 | Vein | carries blood to the heart | 91 | |
| 1683128262 | Capillary | microscopic blood vessels connection arteries and veins- site of nutrient exchange | 92 | |
| 1683128263 | Portal circulation | transports nutrients from the small intestine and delivers to the liver | 93 | |
| 1683128264 | Portal vein | Carries blood to the liver | 94 | |
| 1683128265 | Lymphatic system role | important role in fat absorption | 95 | |
| 1683128266 | Three kinds of digestion | mechanical, chemical, autonomic | 96 | |
| 1683128267 | Five basic tastes | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory) | 97 | |
| 1683128268 | Saliva enzyme | salivary amylase- breaks down starch | 98 | |
| 1683128269 | Esophagus | connects pharynx to stomach | 99 | |
| 1683128270 | Epiglottis | not to get choked | 100 | |
| 1683128271 | Peristalsis | wave of muscle contraction- propel food down | 101 | |
| 1683128272 | Lower esophageal sphincter | to prevent backflow of acidic stomach contents | 102 | |
| 1683128273 | Stomach | gastric juice, chyme | 103 | |
| 1683128274 | Pyloric sphincter | releases chyme to small intestine | 104 | |
| 1683128275 | Mucous neck cells | mucus for protection from stomach acid and enzyme | 105 | |
| 1683128276 | Primary cause of ulcers | bacterial infection- helicobacter pylori | 106 | |
| 1683128277 | Heartburn cause | Movement of acid from stomach into esophagus | 107 | |
| 1683128278 | Length of small intestine | 10 feet long | 108 | |
| 1683128279 | Most of the digestion and absorption occur here | small intestine | 109 | |
| 1683128280 | Structure of small intestine | folded walls | 110 | |
| 1683128281 | Passive diffusion | down a conc. gradient | 111 | |
| 1683128282 | Examples of passive diffusion | fats, water, minerals | 112 | |
| 1683128283 | Facilitated diffusion | utilizes carrier protein, down a conc. gradient | 113 | |
| 1683128284 | Examples of facilitated diffusion | fructose | 114 | |
| 1683128285 | Active absorption | involved carrier protein + energy - against a conc. gradient | 115 | |
| 1683128286 | Examples of active absorption | glucose, amino acids | 116 | |
| 1683128287 | Phagocytosis & pinocytosis | cells engulf solids and liquids | 117 | |
| 1683128288 | Between small intestine and large intestine | ileocecal sphincter | 118 | |
| 1683128289 | Large intestine absorption | water, some minerals (sodium and potassium), vitamins | 119 | |
| 1683128290 | Accessory organs in digestion | Liver, gallbladder, pancreas | 120 | |
| 1683128291 | Enterohepatic circulation | recycling of bile between small intestine and liver | 121 | |
| 1683128292 | Liver | produces bile | 122 | |
| 1683128293 | Gallbladder | stores bile | 123 | |
| 1683128294 | Pancreas | secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) | 124 | |
| 1683128295 | Synapse | space between 2 neurons | 125 | |
| 1683128296 | Composition of immune system | skin, intestinal cells, white blood cells | 126 | |
| 1683128297 | Skin health requires | fatty acids, vitamin A, niacin, and zinc | 127 | |
| 1683128298 | Intestinal cells | packed close together, barrier to invading microbes, protein, vitamins A, B-6, B-12, C, folate, and zinc | 128 | |
| 1683128299 | White blood cells | attack microorganism | 129 | |
| 1683128300 | Appropriate nutrient intake required for white blood cells | iron, copper, vitamin B-6, B-12, C | 130 | |
| 1683128301 | Insulin lowers blood glucose by | promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells | 131 | |
| 1683128302 | ATP | high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells | 132 | |
| 1683128303 | Adipose tissue stores what | fat | 133 | |
| 1683128304 | Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the... | vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function, pH of the environment in which they function, type of chemical reaction they catalyze | 134 | |
| 1683128305 | During the depolarization phase of nerve impulse transmission, _______ ions flow into the neuron and ______ ions flow out of the neuron | sodium, potassium | 135 | |
| 1683128306 | Parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum | 136 | |
| 1683128307 | Nutrients that enter the lymph system | fat-soluble | 137 | |
| 1683128308 | Nutrients that enter portal circulation | water-soluble | 138 | |
| 1683128309 | Roles of protein in the cell membrane | gatekeeper for what flows in and out of the cell, provides structural support for the cell membrane, catalyzes chemical reactions | 139 | |
| 1683128310 | Storage form of glucose in the body | glycogen | 140 | |
| 1683128311 | Where all the chemical reactions that generate energy occur in the red blood cells | cytoplasm | 141 | |
| 1683128312 | Two nutrients produced by bacteria in the large intestine | Vitamin K, biotin | 142 | |
| 1683128313 | Hormone targeting adipose tissue and muscle cells | Insulin | 143 | |
| 1683128314 | Hormone targeting most cells | growth hormone | 144 | |
| 1683128315 | Hormone targeting heart, blood vessels, brain, and lungs | Epinephrine | 145 | |
| 1683128316 | Hormones secreted by pancreas | Insulin and glucagon | 146 | |
| 1683128317 | Hormone secreted by adrenal glands | Epinephrine and norepinephrine | 147 | |
| 1683128318 | Hormone secreted by pituitary gland | growth hormone | 148 | |
| 1683128319 | Hormone secreted by thyroid gland | thyroid hormone | 149 |
