Mr. Napier Essential Terms
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| 352349559 | internationalization | idea that peoples should unite across national boundaries; gained popularity during the mid-19th century; led to establishment of international Red Cross, Telegraphic Union, Postal Union, series of international fairs | 0 | |
| 352349560 | Balfour Declaration | British ministers promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issues in 1917 | 1 | |
| 352349561 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | signed between the revolutionary government of Russia and Germany in March 1918; Russia withdrew from World War I and granted substantial territories to Germany in return for peace | 2 | |
| 352349562 | Treaty of Versailles | Ending World War I; provided for League of Nations; punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of "war guilt"; Russia lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations-Poland | 3 | |
| 352349563 | Munich Conference | meeting concerning Germany's occupation of portions of Czechoslovakia in 1938; after receiving Hitler's assurances that he would take no more land, Western leaders agreed to division of Czechoslovakia | 4 | |
| 352349564 | appeasement | policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler, invaded Poland in 1939 | 5 | |
| 352349565 | National Socialist Party | "Nazi Party"; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles power in Germany in 1933 | 6 | |
| 352349566 | Vichy | French collaborations government established in 1940 in Southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans | 7 | |
| 352349567 | Adolf Hitler | Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible of genocide of Jews | 8 | |
| 352349568 | Benito Mussolini | Italian fascists leader after World War II; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories | 9 | |
| 352349569 | Winston Churchill | British prime minister during World War II; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults | 10 | |
| 352349570 | Joseph Stalin | strongly nationalist view of communism; anti-western strain of Russian tradition; established a series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and United States | 11 | |
| 352349571 | Franklin Roosevelt | eager to press Soviet Union for assistance against Japan; government became more active, regulating banks and other economic activities sponsoring huge public works; Good Neighbor Policy-1933, dealt fairly with Latin America and stopped direct interventions | 12 | |
| 352349572 | cold war | the state of relations between the United Stats and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare | 13 | |
| 352349573 | iron curtain | phase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946 | 14 | |
| 352349574 | Berlin Wall | built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from east Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; wall was torn down at the end of cold war in 1991 | 15 | |
| 352349575 | Marshall Plan | program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from wars devistation; vehicle for American economic dominance | 16 | |
| 352349576 | five-year plans | Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products | 17 | |
| 352349577 | NATO | "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"; created in 1949 under the United States leadership to group most of the Western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression | 18 | |
| 352349578 | Warsaw Pact | created in response to the creation of NATO; most east European nations were enfolded in this common defense alliance and a common economic planning organization | 19 | |
| 352349579 | Kellogg-Briand Pact | a treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations | 20 | |
| 352349580 | welfare state | new activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning | 21 | |
| 352349581 | New Deal | president Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state; programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in the United States social and economic life | 22 | |
| 352349582 | European Union | made to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers between the member states in 1992, economic unity; Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, and Austria; single currency | 23 | |
| 352349583 | fascism | political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and Germany during 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction | 24 | |
| 352349584 | totalitarian state | a new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union | 25 | |
| 352349585 | soviet | council of workers formed to seize city government in Petrograd in 1917; basis for early political organization of Russian Revolution | 26 | |
| 352349586 | Red Army | military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background | 27 | |
| 352349587 | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | federal system of socialists republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by communist party; diminished nationalists protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved in 1991 | 28 | |
| 352349588 | collectivization | creation of large, non-state farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes | 29 | |
| 352349589 | Leon Trotsky | recruited Red Army (generals and loyal conscripts); communist Russia | 30 | |
| 352349590 | Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor as head of USSR; attacked stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall | 31 | |
| 352349591 | Mikhail Gorbachev | USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika | 32 | |
| 352349592 | Ronald Reagan | never fully dismantled welfare state; nationalistic American president in the 1980s; increased military spending | 33 | |
| 352349593 | Margaret Thatcher | conservative British primeminister from 1979 to 1991; held that office longer than any other person; worked to cut welfare and housing expenses; promote free enterprise | 34 | |
| 352349594 | glasnost | policy of political liberation in Soviet Union in the late 1980s | 35 | |
| 352349595 | perestroika | policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic reconstructing in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for the private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture | 36 | |
| 352349596 | Tojo Hideki | Japanese general; put down appointment military coup in 1936; increasingly interfered with civilian cabinets to block appointment of liberal bureaucrats; helped create increasingly militaristic series of prime ministers after 1936 | 37 | |
| 352349597 | Hiroshima | one of two cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands | 38 | |
| 352349598 | Nagasaki | long a port of open to Dutch traders; one of two cities on which the United States dropped the atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands | 39 | |
| 352349599 | Korean War | 1950-1950; North supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations forces; ended in statement and continued division of Korea | 40 | |
| 352349600 | Republic of Korea | Southern half of Korea sponsored by the United States following World War II, headed by nationalists Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s | 41 | |
| 352349601 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim Il-Sung; attacked South in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war | 42 | |
| 352349602 | Kim Il-Sung | North Korea became a communist with the heavy influences from a Stalinist-type emphasis on the power of this leader | 43 | |
| 352349603 | Hyundai | example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern Korea; virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units | 44 | |
| 352349604 | Taiwan | island off Chinese main land; became refuge for nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s | 45 | |
| 352349605 | Third World | nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economics | 46 | |
| 352349606 | Francisco Madero | moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated by 1913 | 47 | |
| 352349607 | Emiliano Zapata | Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform | 48 | |
| 352349608 | Diego Rivera | Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology | 49 | |
| 352349609 | NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; agreement that created on essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes in encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994 | 50 | |
| 352349610 | Party of Institutionalized Revolution | "PRI"; dominant political party in Mexico, developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico | 51 | |
| 352349611 | Juan Peron | military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as minister of labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 11946; forced in exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1913 | 52 | |
| 352349612 | Eva Duarte | Evita Peron; first wife of Juan Peron; became public spokesperson for Peron among the poor until her death in 1952 | 53 | |
| 352349613 | Salvador Allende | president of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown on 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States | 54 | |
| 352349614 | banana republics | term given to conservative governments supported or created by the United States in Latin America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to United States interests | 55 | |
| 352349615 | United Fruit Company | most impatient foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused United States intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954 | 56 | |
| 352349616 | Fulgencio Batista | dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; return to presidency in 1952; outsted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro | 57 | |
| 352349617 | Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of reforms to establish socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on USSR | 58 | |
| 352349618 | Pancho Villa | Mexican revolutionary and military commander in Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolutionary; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power; participated campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta | 59 | |
| 352349619 | Ernesto Guevara | "Che"; Argentine revolutionary, aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967 | 60 | |
| 352349620 | Sandinistas | Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s | 61 | |
| 352349621 | Shining Path | "Sendero Leminoso"; a long-sustained leftist guerrilla movement, controlled areas of the countryside and tried to disrupt national elections in 1990 | 62 |
