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| 204085197 | empirical data | facts, opposite of normative data | |
| 204085198 | normative data | judgments, opposite of empirical data | |
| 204085199 | qualitative | depth over breadth | |
| 204085200 | quantitative | breadth over depth | |
| 204085201 | inductive reasoning | works from case studies -> hypothesis | |
| 204085202 | deductive | works from hypothesis -> testing against data | |
| 204085203 | causation | one variable causes/influences another examples: IV influences DV | |
| 204085204 | independent variable | influences dependent variable; changes | |
| 204085205 | dependent variable | depends on the independent variable; measured | |
| 204085206 | correlation | •change in 1 variable coincides with a change in the other •coincidence •connected to, not leading to •association | |
| 204085207 | selection bias | focus on effects instead of causes; could cause inaccurate correlations | |
| 204085208 | endogeneity | Which is the cause and which is the effect? You have found cause and effect but cannot distinguish between which is which | |
| 204085209 | Aristotle | •384-322 BC •1st person to separate philosophy and politics •Wrote "The Politics" | |
| 204085210 | Machiavelli | •1469-1527 •1st modern political science; statecraft & empirical knowledge •Wrote "The Prince" | |
| 204085211 | Thomas Hobbes | •1588-1679 •Social Contract Idea •Wrote "Leviathan" | |
| 204085212 | John Locke | •1632-1704 •Freedom & private property •Wrote "Two Treaties of Government" | |
| 204085213 | Montesquieau | 1689-1755 •Advocated separation of powers (think checks & balances) •Wrote "The Spirit of Laws" | |
| 204085214 | Rousseau | •1712-1778 •Citizens' rights are inalienable •Wrote "The Social Contract" | |
| 204085215 | Karl Marx | •1818-1883 •Predicted the fall of capitalism •Wrote "Das Kapital" | |
| 204085216 | Max Weber | •1864-1920 •bureaucracy •Wrote "Economy & Society" | |
| 204085217 | Modernization Theory | As societies develop, they would take on common characteristics, including democracy & capitalism | |
| 204085218 | Behavioral Revolution | mvmt. in 1950s to develop theories about political behavior | |
| 204085219 | supernational organizations | Examples of these are the EU, WTO, UN Development Programme, NAFTA, & APEC. They reflect the phenomenon of globalization. Large scale of these made during the 20th cent. | |
| 204085220 | critical juncture | key transitional moment(s) specifically 1989, 2001, 2008 | |
| 204085221 | comparative politics | •subfield within academic discipline of political science •method/approach to the study of politics | |
| 204085222 | comparativists | students of comparative politics that analyze political institutions/processes by looking at 2+ cases selected to isolate common or contrasting features | |
| 204085223 | Keynesianism | approach that gives priority -> government regulation of certain aspects of the economy | |
| 204085224 | neoliberalism | emphasizes importance of market-friendly policies | |
| 204085225 | countries | These comprise distinct, politically defined territories that encompass political institutions, cultures, economics, and ethnic/social identities. | |
| 204085226 | state | key political institution(s) responsible for important policies in country; synonymous with government •"the organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory" - Weber •decides who can/can't use force (sovereign) •sets rules as to how violence is used | |
| 204085227 | legitimacy | significant segment of citizenry believes that State is entitled to command compliance from residents and acts lawfully in pursuit of desirable aims •affected by state's ability to deliver goods to people through satisfactory economic performance & distribution of financial resources •seems to require states to represent themselves democratically •needed by ruling regime for long-term stability | |
| 204085228 | civil society | way citizens organize and define themselves and their interests | |
| 204085229 | informal politics | impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy making | |
| 204085230 | typology | classifying large # of cases into smaller # of types | |
| 204085231 | Most Different Case Analysis | comparing ACROSS clusters/types; analyze what produces the substantial difference | |
| 204085232 | institutions | stable, long-lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy | |
| 204085233 | Sovereignty | •ability to carry out actions/policies within their borders independently from interference either from inside/outside •a state without this lacks autonomy and usually has a high lvl. of corruption | |
| 204085234 | nation | group of people that are bound by a common political identity | |
| 204085235 | nationalism | sense of belonging | |
| 204085236 | regime | rules that a state sets & follows in exerting its power | |
| 204085237 | parliamentary | •citizens vote for legislative representatives, which, in turn select leaders of executive branch •more common than pres. system •head of state: symbolizes power & nature of regime •head of government: deals with everyday tasks of running the government | |
| 204085238 | democracies | based on the will of the people: indirect/direct, usually have 3+ gov. branches | |
| 204085239 | presidential | parliamentary sovereignty governs the decision-making process •Strong party discipline: majority party is both legislative & executive •Citizens vote for legislative & executive, and there's separation of powers Pres. = head of gov and state | |
| 204085240 | Semi-Presidential | •Prime minister co-exists with pres. who's directly elected by the people and who holds a significant degree of power | |
| 204085241 | Authoritarian Regimes | •pol. elites make the decisions •can be ruled by dictator, monarch, small group, or one political party •are legitimate •some based on communism | |
| 204085242 | political economy | how government affects economic performance and how economic performance affects country's political process | |
| 204085243 | laissez-faire | "let do" en anglais Comment il s'appelle en français? | |
| 204085244 | sustainable development | •promotes ecologically sound ways to modernize the economy and raise the standard of living | |
| 204085245 | social class | solidarity based on shared work experience/economic position; most important source of collective identity | |
| 204085246 | corporatism | gov. officials interact with people/groups outside the gov. before they set policy; generally business/labor leaders | |
| 204085247 | Patron-Clientelism | system in which state gov. provides specific benefits/favors to a single person of a small group in return for public support •relies on individual patronage •hierarchy between elites and citizens | |
| 204085248 | Totalitarianism | •Repressive and detested regime •Usually a strong ideological goal •Usually utilizes violence | |
| 204085249 | Military rule | non-democratic rule | |
| 204085250 | Coup d'état | forced takeover of government; restricts rights and stops parties from forming and elections from taking place | |
| 204085251 | co-optation | The means a regime uses to get support from citizens •distraction | |
| 204085252 | Pluralism | Power is split among many groups that compete for chance to influence the gov. decision making | |
| 204085253 | traditional legitimacy | •Tradition(s) should determine who rules/how •Rituals + ceremonies •monarchy/birthright | |
| 204085254 | Charismatic Legitimacy | Examples of this legitimacy include Napoleon and Ayatollah Khomeini | |
| 204085255 | Rational-Legal Legitimacy | •based on system of well established laws and procedures. Most modern states have this. | |
| 204085256 | Political Culture & Ideologies | collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions | |
| 204085257 | Social Capital | •amount of reciprocity and trust that exists among citizens and between citizens and the state •low in authoritarian states, high in democracies | |
| 204085258 | Distributional politics | Who gets what? How are resources distributed? | |
| 204085259 | Rational Choice Theory | AKA Game Theory, this states that rational choices are made to increase benefits. Usually seen as selfish, popular in the 1950s and 60s | |
| 204085260 | MIddle Level Theory | Most comparativists agree on this theory. Focuses on features, e.g. institutions, policies, classes of similar events (revolutions/elections) ex: Democratic transitions from dictatorships to democracies No absolute theory | |
| 204085261 | Liberalism | maximum freedom for all people Classical: put faith in market to increase freedom/equality Social Democrats(N American Liberals): see state intervention as necessary to increase freedom and equality | |
| 204085262 | Communism | equality over freedom | |
| 204085263 | Socialism | Accept and promote private ownership and free market principles, state must play a strong role. Would be in favor of nationalizing large industrial enterprises | |
| 204085264 | Fascism | inferiority and superiority. an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. • (in general use) extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practice. | |
| 204085265 | Reform | change | |
| 204085266 | revolution | MAJOR revision, like an overthrow | |
| 204085267 | Failed state | state in which law and order persistently break down | |
| 204085268 | Liberal Democracies | These democracies have competitive elections, civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of judiciary, open civil society, and civilian control | |
| 204085269 | Substantive Democracies | Liberal democracies in which citizens have multiple sources of info. | |
| 204085270 | Illiberal Democracies | aka Procedural democracies... Have elections, but missing other qualities, have restrictions on civil liberties, "electoral authoritarianism" | |
| 204085271 | democratic consolidation | elites give up power and citizenry is ready to participate | |
| 204085272 | political liberalization | Experienced by a state that progresses from procedural democracy to substantive democracy through democratic consolidation. Leads to other states to recognize it as a liberal democracy. | |
| 204085273 | Bourgeoisie | middle class professionals/businessmen | |
| 204085274 | command economics | centralized planning, quota setting, state ownership, opposite of market economics | |
| 204085275 | market economics | private ownership, little gov. interference, opposite of command economics | |
| 204085276 | Economic liberalization | Process of limiting power of state over private property and market forces | |
| 204085277 | Marketization | state's recreation of market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value | |
| 204085278 | Privatization | opposite of government regulation | |
| 204085279 | Inflation | too much $ | |
| 204085280 | hyperinflation | print $ just to cover bills | |
| 204085281 | deflation | too many goods, not enough $ | |
| 204085282 | Fragmentation | divisions based on ethnic/cultural identity | |
| 204085283 | Political Efficacy | you participate in government and you expect the government to respond | |
| 204085284 | Political socialization | How you acquire your political orientation (ex: family, social class, media, race/ethnicity, school, geographic region, gender, religion) | |
| 204085285 | Transparency | We see/know what's going on. Government being frank and not hiding things. | |
| 204085286 | social movements | organized collective activities that aim to bring about/resist fundamental change in an existing group/society | |
| 204085287 | centripetal forces | bind together the people of the state, giving it strength, e.g. nationalism, flags, rituals, holidays, schools, armed forces, religion... | |
| 204085288 | centrifugal forces | destabilize government, weak institutions, increase loyalty to church/ethnicity, often leads to separatist movements, and devolution | |
| 204085289 | ethonationalism | tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence | |
| 204085290 | Spatial forces | distance, remoteness, and peripheral location promote devolution, especially if water, desert, or mountains separate the areas from the center of power | |
| 204085291 | Bureaucracies | •generally implement government policy •usually part of executive •grown overtime to raise health, security, welfare | |
| 204085292 | Discretionary Power | the power to make small decisions in implementing legislative and executive decisions | |
| 204085293 | Technocrats | civilian bureaucrats, in authoritarian regimes. Had coalition with military in some countries. | |
| 204085294 | Plurality | winner take all | |
| 204085295 | party system | nature of relationship between political parties within a country | |
| 204085296 | Linkage Institutions | the channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, this includes elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
