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| 6679012078 | Columbian Exchange | -exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the New World -New World corn, tomatoes, + potatoes affected European diet -domesticated horses, cows, + pigs introduced to the New World -Europeans brought smallpox, decimating the population of the New World; Venereal diseases brought back to the Old World | 0 | |
| 6679012079 | Mercantilism | -British economic philosophy in the 17th and 18th centuries -colonies exist to benefit the mother country -obtain large amounts of gold and silver, establish a favorable balance of trade with its colonies | 1 | |
| 6679012080 | Half-Way Covenant | -est. by Puritans -ease requirements for church membership and maintain control -allowed baptism of the children of baptized but unconverted Puritans | 2 | |
| 6679012081 | Enlightenment | -18th century philosophy -stressed reason could be used to improve the human condition -natural world provided models for human institution -natural rights, such as life, liberty, and happiness, exist | 3 | |
| 6679012082 | The First Great Awakening | -wave of religious revivals -1730s and 1740s -power of the Puritans waned | 4 | |
| 6679012083 | Constitutional Convention | -1787 -sought to correct weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation -strong central government to share power with the states | 5 | |
| 6679012084 | Separation of Powers | -division of power among legislative, judicial, and executive branches -Alexander Hamilton defended | 6 | |
| 6679012085 | Checks and Balances | -each branch of power checks the power of the other branches | 7 | |
| 6679012086 | Hamilton's Financial Plans | -assume state debts -create a national bank -impose tariffs to protect home industries | 8 | |
| 6679012087 | Judicial Review | -est. in Marbury vs Madison -Supreme Court can strike down unconstitutional acts of Congress | 9 | |
| 6679012088 | American System | -Henry Clay -designed to unify the nation -strengthen economy by means of protective tariffs + national bank -internal improvements such as canals and new roads | 10 | |
| 6679012089 | Republican Motherhood | -aka Cult of Domesticity -idealization of women as wives and mothers -suggested women were responsible for raising children and remaining virtuous citizens of the new American republic | 11 | |
| 6679012090 | Transcendentalism | -philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s -emphasized a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and personal emotion and imagination -Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau | 12 | |
| 6679012091 | Utopian Communities | -small-self sufficient communities -developed in the 19th century -attempted to achieve perfection -Brook Farm, New Harmony, + Oneida | 13 | |
| 6679012092 | Perfectionism | -belief that humans can will to create communities based on cooperation and mutual respect | 14 | |
| 6679012093 | The Second Great Awakening | -wave of religious enthusiasm -1800 to 1830 -Middle-class women worked to make Americans aware of moral issues posed by slavery -led to reformist zeal for causes such as prison reform and anti-liquor laws | 15 | |
| 6679012094 | Jacksonian Democracy | - Andrew Jackson + supporters -respect for abilities and aspirations of the common man -expansion of white male suffrage -appointment of political supporters to government positions (patronage) -opposition to privileged Eastern elites | 16 | |
| 6679012095 | Nullification | -legal theory that a state can invalidate any federal law the state deems unconstitutional -concept first introduced by Jefferson + Madison in Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798 -Calhoun was a strong proponent, inspiring a convention in South Carolina to declare the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional | 17 | |
| 6679012096 | Manifest Destiny | -19th century belief -obligation to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean | 18 | |
| 6679012097 | Popular Sovereignty | -settlers have the sole right to decide on presence of slavery -led to divisive debate over the expansion of slavery -Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1st great test | 19 | |
| 6679012098 | Reconstruction | -focused on reorganizing the governments of the Southern states after the Civil War -allowed them to reenter the Union | 20 | |
| 6679012099 | Social Gospel | -19th century reform movement -based on belief that Christians have a responsibility to confront social problems actively -led by Christian ministers -real social change results from dedication to both religious practice and social reform | 21 | |
| 6679012100 | Gospel of Wealth | -wealthy were the guardians of society -duty to serve and lead society in humane ways -Andrew Carnegie | 22 | |
| 6679012101 | Social Darwinism | -in society, a natural evolutionary process occurs, with the fittest surviving -Wealthy businessmen such as John D. Rockefeller | 23 | |
| 6679012102 | Frontier Thesis | -Frederick Jackson Turner -frontier experience helped make American society more democratic + shape American values -cheap, unsettled land + inspiration from frontier spurred democracy | 24 | |
| 6679012103 | New Immigrants | -massive wave of immigrants who came to the US between 1880 and 1924 -Old Immigrants: English, German, Scandinavian vs New Immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europeans | 25 | |
| 6679012104 | Nativism | -favored interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants -Know-Nothings of 1840s were the first nativist political party -nativism grew stronger with the arrival of large new immigrant groups -directed hostility toward Irish + German Catholics | 26 | |
| 6679012105 | Vertical Integration | -company controls both the production and distribution of its product -Andrew Carnegie: Steel | 27 | |
| 6679012106 | Horizontal Integration | -one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product -Rockefeller: Oil | 28 | |
| 6679012107 | Populism | -1890s -mainly agrarian movement -supported unlimited coinage of silver, govt ownership of the railroads, and policies that favored farmers + the working class | 29 | |
| 6679012108 | Progressivism | -sought to use government to help create a more just society -fought against impure foods, child labor, corruption, and trusts -Teddy Roosevelt + Woodrow Wilson | 30 | |
| 6679012109 | Muckrakers | -early 20th century journalists -exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and urban political bosses -Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell | 31 | |
| 6679012110 | Roaring Twenties | -period of social unrest and tension during the 1920s -immigration restriction, rise of fundamentalism, and changing sexual values | 32 | |
| 6679012111 | Prohibition | -1919-1933 -illegal to buy, sell, or transport alcohol -rise in organized crime and defiance of the law -18th and 21st amendment | 33 | |
| 6679012112 | Isolationsim | -US foreign policy -called for Americans to avoid entangling political alliances following World War I -Washington's Farewell Address -Neutrality Acts of the 1930s | 34 | |
| 6679012113 | Containment | -US foreign policy during the Cold War -designed to contain or block the spread of communism -Kennan: American diplomat and specialist on USSR -"the Long Telegram" advocated | 35 | |
| 6679012114 | McCarthyism | -public accusations of disloyalty without sufficient evidence -increased following World War II -Senator Joseph McCarthy played on fears -claimed communists infiltrated the US State Department and other federal agencies -climate of paranoia | 36 | |
| 6679012115 | Domino Theory | -if one country "falls" to communism, neighbors will also be "infected" | 37 | |
| 6679012116 | Massive Retalliation | -military doctrine developed during the Cold War -asserted the US would retaliated with massive force -deterrent to preemptive strikes launched by an enemy | 38 | |
| 6679012117 | Black Power | -movement of the 1960s -advocated African Americans establish control of their political and economic lives -Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and Huey Newton | 39 | |
| 6679012118 | Watergate | -series of political scandals and cover-ups -resulted in Nixon resigning from office in 1974 | 40 | |
| 6679012119 | Detente | -relaxation of tensions between the US and the USSR -introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger + Richard Nixon -Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) -expanded trade with USSR -Nixon's trips to China and Russia | 41 | |
| 6679012120 | Reaganomics | -economic policies of President Ronald Reagan -aka supply-side economics -promote growth and investment by: deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper + middle classes | 42 | |
| 6679012121 | Affirmative Action | -attempts to open access to education and employment for members of groups that experienced discrimination (based on race, ethnicity, sex, etc). -sometimes imposed quotas | 43 |
