Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science
Richard Saferstein- 11th Edition (Chapters 1-10)
Terms : Hide Images
| 5261838326 | Forensic Science | Application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. An umbrella term encompassing a myriad of professions that use their skills to aid law enforcement officials in conducting their investigations. (Criminalistics, digital and multimedia sciences, engineering science, general, juisprudence, odontology, pathlogy/biology, phycial anthropology. psychiatry/behavioral science, questioned documents, toxicology) | 0 | |
| 5261838327 | Locard's Exchange Principle | Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is exchange of materials between them. | 1 | |
| 5261838328 | Scientific Method | A process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information. | 2 | |
| 5261838329 | Expert Witness | An individual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average layperson. | 3 | |
| 5261838330 | Physical Evidence | Any object that can establish that a crime has or has not been committed or can link a crime and its victim to its perpetrator. | 4 | |
| 5261838331 | Rough Sketch | A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene. | 5 | |
| 5261838332 | Finished sketch | A precise rendering of the crime scene, usually drawn to scale. | 6 | |
| 5261838333 | Chain of Custody | A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence. | 7 | |
| 5261838334 | Standard/Reference Sample | Physical evidence whose origin is known, such as fibers or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence. | 8 | |
| 5261838335 | Buccal Swab | A swap of the inner portion of the cheek; cheek cells are usually collected to determine the DNA profile of an individual. | 9 | |
| 5261838336 | Substrate Control | Uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited. This sample is to be used to ensure that the surface on which a sample has been deposited does not interfere with laboratory tests. | 10 | |
| 5261838337 | Identification | The process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity. Drug analysis, species determination, and explosive residue analysis are typical examples of this undertaking in a forensic setting. | 11 | |
| 5261838338 | Comparison | The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin. | 12 | |
| 5261838339 | Individual Characteristics | Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. | 13 | |
| 5261838340 | Class Characteristics | Properties of evidence that can be associated only with a group and never with a single source. | 14 | |
| 5261838341 | Product Rule | Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile. | 15 | |
| 5261838342 | Rapid DNA | A process for developing DNA profiles from a buccal swap in 90 minutes or less that are compatible with a CODIS search. | 16 | |
| 5261838343 | Crime Scene Reconstruction | The method used to support a likely sequence of events at a crime scene by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by individuals involved with the incident. | 17 | |
| 5261838344 | Satellite Spatter | Small drops of blood that are distributed around the perimeter of a drop or drops of blood and were produced as a result of the blood impacting the target surface. | 18 | |
| 5261838345 | Angle of Impact | The acute angle formed between the path of a blood drop and the surface that it contacts. | 19 | |
| 5261838346 | Impact of Spatter | A bloodstain pattern produced when an object makes forceful contact with a source of blood, projecting drops of blood outward from the source. | 20 | |
| 5261838347 | Forward Spatter | Blood that travels away from the source in the same direction as the force that caused the spatter. | 21 | |
| 5261838348 | Back Spatter | Blood directed back toward the source of the force that caused the spatter. | 22 | |
| 5261838349 | Low-Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 feet per second or less and producing drops with diameters greater than 3 millimeters. | 23 | |
| 5261838350 | Medium- Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 to 25 feet per second and producing drops with diameters between 1 and 3 millimeters. | 24 | |
| 5261838351 | High- Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 100 feet per second or faster and producing drops with diameters less than 1 millimeter. | 25 | |
| 5261838352 | Area of Convergence | The area on a 2-D plane where lines traced through the long axis of several individual bloodstains meet; this approximates the 2-D place from which the bloodstains were projected. | 26 | |
| 5261838353 | Area of Origin | The location in 3-D space from which blood that produced a bloodstain originated; the location of the area of convergence and the angle of impact for each bloodstain is used to approximate this area. | 27 | |
| 5261838354 | Cast-Off | A bloodstain pattern that is created when blood is flung from a blood-bearing object in motion onto a surface. | 28 | |
| 5261838355 | Arterial Spray | A characteristic bloodstain pattern containing spurts that resulted from blood exiting under pressure from an arterial injury. | 29 | |
| 5261838356 | Expirated Blood Pattern | A pattern created by blood that is expelled out of the nose, mouth, or respiratory system as a result of air pressure and/or airflow. | 30 | |
| 5261838357 | Void | An area within a deposited spatter pattern that is clear of spatter, caused by an object or person blocking the area at the time of the spatter's deposition. | 31 | |
| 5261838358 | Transfer Pattern | A bloodstain pattern created when a surface that carries wet blood comes in contact with a second surface; recognizable imprints of all or a portion of the original surface or the direction of movement may be observed. | 32 | |
| 5261838359 | Flow | A bloodstain pattern formed by the movement of small or large amounts of blood as a result of gravity's pull. | 33 | |
| 5261838360 | Skeletonization | The process by which the edges of a stain dry to the surface in a specific period of time (dependent on environmental and surface conditions); skeletonization remains apparent even after the rest of the bloodstain has been disturbed from its original position. | 34 | |
| 5261838361 | Drip Trail Pattern | A pattern of bloodstains formed by the dripping of blood off a moving surface or person in a recognizable pathway separate from other patterns. | 35 | |
| 5261838362 | Forensic Pathologists | Investigative personnel, typically medical examiners or coroners, who investigate the cause, manner, and times of death of a victim in a crime; can also be a physician who has been trained to conduct autopsies. | 36 | |
| 5261838363 | Autopsy | A surgical procedure performed by a pathologist on dead body to ascertain- from the body, organs, and bodily fluids- the cause of death. | 37 | |
| 5261838364 | Cause Of Death | Identifies the injury or disease that led to the chain of events resulting in death. | 38 | |
| 5261838365 | Petechiae | Pinpoint hemorrhaging often observed in the white area of the victim's eyes; often observed in strangulation cases. | 39 | |
| 5261838366 | Manner of Death | A determination made by a forensic pathologist of the cause of death. Five board categories are homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, and undetermined. | 40 | |
| 5261838367 | Algor Mortis | A process that occurs after death in which the body temperature continually cools until it reaches that ambient or room temperature. | 41 | |
| 5261838368 | Rigor Mortis | A medical condition that occurs after death and results in the stiffening of muscles mass. The rigidity of the body begin within 24 hours of death and disappears within 36 hours of death. | 42 | |
| 5261838369 | Forensic Anthropology | The use of anthropological knowledge of humans and skeletal structure to examine and identify human skeletal remains. | 43 | |
| 5261838370 | Forensic Entomology | The study of insect matter, growth patterns, and succession of arrival at a crime scene to determine the time since death. | 44 | |
| 5261838371 | Postmortem Interval (PMI) | The length of time that has elapsed since a person had died. If the time is not known, a number of medical or scientific techniques may be used to estimate it. | 45 | |
| 5261838372 | Portrait Parle | A verbal description of a perpetrator's physical characteristics and dress provided by an eyewitness. | 46 | |
| 5261838373 | Anthropometry | A system of identification of individuals by measurement of parts of the body, developed by Alphonse Bertillon. | 47 | |
| 5261838374 | Ridge Characteristics (minutiae) | Ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must math in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established. | 48 | |
| 5261838375 | Latent Fingerprints | A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; it is invisible to the naked eye. | 49 | |
| 5261838376 | Loop | A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around to exit from the same side of the pattern. | 50 | |
| 5261838377 | Whorl | A class of fingerprints that includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular in shape and have two details. | 51 | |
| 5261838378 | Arch | A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side. | 52 | |
| 5261838379 | Livescan | An inkless device that captures the digital images of fingerprints and palm prints and electronically transmits the images to an AFIS. | 53 | |
| 5261838380 | Visible Print | A fingerprint made when the finger deposits a visible material such as ink, dirt, or blood onto a surface. | 54 | |
| 5261838381 | Plastic Print | A fingerprint impressed in a soft surface. | 55 | |
| 5261838382 | Iodine Fuming | A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints by exposing them to iodine vapors. | 56 | |
| 5261838383 | Sublimation | A physical change from the solid directly into the gaseous state. | 57 | |
| 5261838384 | Ninhydrin | A chemical reagent used to develop latent fingerprints on porous materials by reacting with amino acids in perspiration. | 58 | |
| 5261838385 | Physical Developer | A silver nitrate-based reagent formulated to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces. | 59 | |
| 5261838386 | Superglue Fuming | A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints on nonporous surfaces by exposing them to cyanoacrylate vapors; named for the commercial product Super Glue. | 60 | |
| 5261838387 | Fluoresce | To emit visible light when exposed to a light of a shorter wavelength. | 61 | |
| 5261838388 | Digital Imaging | A process through which a picture is converted into a series of square electronic dots known as pixels; the picture is manipulated by computer software that changes the numerical value of each pixel. | 62 | |
| 5261838389 | Pixel | A square electronic dot that is used to compose a digital image. | 63 | |
| 5261838390 | Virtual Image | An image that cannot be seen directly. It can be seen only by a viewer looking through a lens. | 64 | |
| 5261838391 | Real Image | An image formed by the actual convergence of light rays on a screen. | 65 | |
| 5261838392 | Objective Lens | The lower lens of a microscope, which is positioned directly over the specimen. | 66 | |
| 5261838393 | Eyepiece Lens | The lens of a microscope into which the viewer looks; same as the ocular lens. | 67 | |
| 5261838394 | Transmitted Illuination | Light that passes up from the condenser and through the specimen. | 68 | |
| 5261838395 | Vertical or Reflected Illumination | Illumination of a specimen from above; in microscopy it is used to examine opaque specimens. | 69 | |
| 5261838396 | Condenser | The lens system under the microscope stage that focuses light onto the specimen. | 70 | |
| 5261838397 | Parfocal | Describes a microscope such that when an image is focused with one objective in position, the other objective can be rotated into place and the field will remain in focus. | 71 | |
| 5261838398 | Monocular | Describes a microscope with one eyepiece. | 72 | |
| 5261838399 | Binocular | Describes a microscope with two eyepieces. | 73 | |
| 5261838400 | Field of View | The area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified. | 74 | |
| 5261838401 | Depth of Focus | The thickness of a specimen that is entirely in focus under a microscope. | 75 | |
| 5261838402 | Plane- Polarized Light | Light confined to a single plane of vibration. | 76 | |
| 5261838403 | Polarizar | A device that permits the passage of light waves vibrating in only one plane. | 77 | |
| 5261838404 | Microspectrophotometer | An instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer. | 78 | |
| 5261838405 | Firearms Identification | A discipline mainly concerned with determining whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon; it is not to be confused with ballistics, which is the study of a projectile in motion. | 79 | |
| 5261838406 | Grooves | The cut or low-lying portions between the lands in a rifled bore. | 80 | |
| 5261838407 | Rifling | The spiral grooves formed in the bore of a firearm barrel that impart spin to the projectile when it is fired. | 81 | |
| 5261838408 | Bore | The interior of a firearm barrel. | 82 | |
| 5261838409 | Lands | The raised portion between the grooves in a rifled bore. | 83 | |
| 5261838410 | Caliber | The diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm; the caliber is usually expressed in hundredths of an inch or millimeters-for example, .22 caliber and 9mm. | 84 | |
| 5261838411 | Gauge | Size designation of a shotgun, originally the number of lead balls with the same diameter as the barrel that would make a pound; for example, a 12-gauge shotgun would have a bore diameter of a lead ball 1/12 pound in weight; the only exception is the .410 shotgun, in which bore size 0.14 inch. | 85 | |
| 5261838412 | Breechface | The rear part of a firearm barrel. | 86 | |
| 5261838413 | Exractor | The mechanism in a firearm by which a cartridge of a fired case is withdrawn from the chamber. | 87 | |
| 5261838414 | Ejector | The mechanism in a firearm that throws the cartridge or fired case from the firearm. | 88 | |
| 5261838415 | Distance Determination | The process of determining the distance between the firearm and a target, usually based on the distribution of powder patterns or the spread of a shot pattern. | 89 | |
| 5261838416 | Choke | An interior constriction placed at or near the muzzle end of a shotgun's barrel to control shot dispersion. | 90 | |
| 5261838417 | Greiss Test | A chemical test used to develop patterns of gunpowder residues around bullet holes. | 91 | |
| 5261838418 | Physical Property | The behavior of a substance without alteration of the substance's composition through a chemical reaction. | 92 | |
| 5261838419 | Chemical Property | The behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance. | 93 | |
| 5261838420 | Matter | All things of substance; matter is composed of atoms or molecules. | 94 | |
| 5261838421 | Element | A fundamental particle of matter; an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. | 95 | |
| 5261838422 | Periodic Table | A chart of elements arranged in a systematic fashion; vertical rows are called groups or families, and horizontal rows are called series; elements in a given row have similar properties. | 96 | |
| 5261838423 | Compound | A pure substance composed of two or more elements. | 97 | |
| 5261838424 | Physical State | A condition or stage in the form of matter; a solid, liquid, or gas. | 98 | |
| 5261838425 | Solid | A state of matter in which the molecules are held closely together in a rigid state. | 99 | |
| 5261838426 | Liquid | A state of matter in which molecules are in contact with on another but are not rigidly held in place. | 100 | |
| 5261838427 | Gas (Vapor) | A state of matter in which molecules the attractive forces between molecules are small enough to permit them to move with complete freedom. | 101 | |
| 5261838428 | Sublimation | A physical change from the solid state directly into the gaseous state. | 102 | |
| 5261838429 | Phase | A uniform body of matter; different phases are separated by definite visible boundaries. | 103 | |
| 5261838430 | Density | A physical property of matter that is equivalent to the mass per unit volume of a substance. | 104 | |
| 5261838431 | Intensive Property | A property that is not dependent on the size of an object. | 105 | |
| 5261838432 | Fahrenheit Scale | The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water as 212 degrees, with 180 equal divisions or degrees between. | 106 | |
| 5261838433 | Celsius Scale | The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees, with 100 equal divisions or degrees between. | 107 | |
| 5261838434 | Mass | A constant property of matter that reflects the amount of material present. | 108 | |
| 5261838435 | Weight | A property of matter that depends on both the mass of a substance and the effects of gravity on that mass. | 109 | |
| 5261838436 | Refraction | The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another. | 110 | |
| 5261838437 | Refractive Index | The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given substance. | 111 | |
| 5261838438 | Cystalline Solid | A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement. | 112 | |
| 5261838439 | Atom | The smallest unit of an element, which is not divisible by ordinary chemical means; atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons plus other subatomic particles. | 113 | |
| 5261838440 | Amorphous Solid | A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions; there is no regular order in amorphous solids. | 114 | |
| 5261838441 | Birefringence | A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials. | 115 | |
| 5261838442 | Dispersion | The separation of light into its component wavelengths. | 116 | |
| 5261838443 | Visible Light | Colored light ranging from red to violet in the electromagnetic spectrum. | 117 | |
| 5261838444 | Wavelength | The distance between the crests of adjacent waves. | 118 | |
| 5261838445 | Frequency | The number of waves that pass a given point per second. | 119 | |
| 5261838446 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | The entire range of radiation energy from the most energetic cosmic rays to the least energetic radio waves. | 120 | |
| 5261838447 | X-Ray | A high-energy, short-wavelength form of electromagnetic radiation. | 121 | |
| 5261838448 | Laser | An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; light that has all its waves pulsating in unison. | 122 | |
| 5261838449 | Photon | A small packet of electromagnetic radiation energy; each photon contains a unit of energy equal to the product of Planck's Constant and the frequency of radiation: E=hf | 123 | |
| 5261838450 | Tempered Glass | Glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces. | 124 | |
| 5261838451 | Laminated Glass | Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with a layer of plastic. | 125 | |
| 5261838452 | Becke Line | A bright halo that is observed near the border of a particle immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index. | 126 | |
| 5261838453 | Radial Fracture | A crack in a glass that extends outward like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck. | 127 | |
| 5261838454 | Concentric Fracture | A crack in a glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact. | 128 | |
| 5261838455 | Cuticle | The scale structure covering the exterior of the hair. | 129 | |
| 5261838456 | Cortex | The main body of the hair shaft. | 130 | |
| 5261838457 | Medulla | A cellular column running through the center of the hair. | 131 | |
| 5261838458 | Anagen Phase | The initial growth phase during which the hair follicle actively produces hair. | 132 | |
| 5261838459 | Catagen Phase | A transition stage between the anagen and telogen phases of hair growth. | 133 | |
| 5261838460 | Telogen Phase | The final growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin. | 134 | |
| 5261838461 | Follicular Tag | A translucent piece of tissue surrounding the hair's shaft near the root; it contains the richest source of DNA associated with hair. | 135 | |
| 5261838462 | Nuclear DNA | DNA present within the nucleus of a cell; this form of DNA is inherited from both parents. | 136 | |
| 5261838463 | Mitochondrial DNA | DNA present in small structures (mitochondria) outside the nucleus of a cell; mitochondria supply energy to the cell; this form of DNA is inherited maternally (from the mother). | 137 | |
| 5261838464 | Natural Fibers | Fibers derived entirely from animal or plant sources. | 138 | |
| 5261838465 | Manufactured Fibers | Fibers derived from either natural or synthetic polymers; the fibers are typically made by forcing the polymeric material through the holes of a spinneret. | 139 | |
| 5261838466 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. | 140 | |
| 5261838467 | Macromolecule | A molecule with a high molecular mass. | 141 | |
| 5261838468 | Monomer | The basic unit of structure from which a polymer is constructed. | 142 | |
| 5261838469 | Polymer | A substance composed of a large number of atoms; these atoms are usually arranged in repeating units or monomers. | 143 | |
| 5261838470 | Mathieu Orfila | Father of toxicology | 144 | |
| 5261838471 | Alphonse Bertillon | 1st scientific system of personal identification. Developed the science of anthropometry (a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another) but was later replaced by fingerprinting. | 145 | |
| 5261838472 | Francis Galton | 1st definite study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. | 146 | |
| 5261838473 | Leone Lattes | Discovered that blood can be grouped into different categories. Devised a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain. | 147 | |
| 5261838474 | Calvin Goddard | Refined techniques of determining whether a particular gun had fired a bullet from a suspect's weapon using the comparison microscope. | 148 | |
| 5261838475 | Albert S. Osborn | Development of the fundamental principle of document examination. Responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence. | 149 | |
| 5261838476 | Walter C. Mccrone | Analytical technology. Microscopy. | 150 | |
| 5261838477 | Hans Gross | 151 |
