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| 14919567853 | Bedouins | small groups of nomadic people in Arabia | 0 | |
| 14919571961 | role of clans | bc nomadic, had to have people together | 1 | |
| 14919582540 | Shaykh | A teacher and master in Islam | 2 | |
| 14919587117 | mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 3 | |
| 14919589636 | Umayyad | the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus | 4 | |
| 14919594484 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. | 5 | |
| 14919601065 | ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth | 6 | |
| 14919604569 | medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. | 7 | |
| 14919607054 | allah | God of Islam | 8 | |
| 14919625388 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. | 9 | |
| 14919630272 | Khadija | First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam. | 10 | |
| 14919634103 | Quran | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 11 | |
| 14919643866 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 12 | |
| 14919650775 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 13 | |
| 14919657934 | Five Pillars of Islam | Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage | 14 | |
| 14919657935 | hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca | 15 | |
| 14919660997 | Ramadan | the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset. | 16 | |
| 14919665288 | Caliph | A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government | 17 | |
| 14919665289 | abu bakr | first caliph after death of Muhammad | 18 | |
| 14919667584 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 19 | |
| 14919672067 | jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding | 20 | |
| 14919677503 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 21 | |
| 14919681199 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 22 | |
| 14919683764 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 23 | |
| 14919683765 | sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 24 | |
| 14919687161 | sh'ia | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 25 | |
| 14919693146 | who moved capital to damascus? | Umayyads | 26 | |
| 14919693147 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 27 | |
| 14919703689 | Dmimmi | people of the book | 28 | |
| 14919708653 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 29 | |
| 14919712393 | abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 30 | |
| 14919717617 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 31 | |
| 14919720875 | baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 32 | |
| 14919725408 | dhows | Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo. | 33 | |
| 14919738229 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 34 | |
| 14919738230 | crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 35 | |
| 14919743586 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 36 | |
| 14919763188 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 37 | |
| 14919775873 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. | 38 | |
| 14919781584 | Malacca | Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. | 39 | |
| 14919792975 | king of mali | Mansa Musa | 40 | |
| 14919797818 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 41 | |
| 14919801487 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 42 | |
| 14919806116 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 43 | |
| 14919809381 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | 44 | |
| 14919842664 | What were major traits and characteristics of the pre-Islamic Arabian world? | Before the Islamic rise, these areas were dominated by nomadic tribes who relied on agriculture for survival. | 45 | |
| 14919842665 | How did geography influence the pre-Islamic Arabian world? | It was a desert with mountains regions, meaning it had a lack of water and was hard to farm on. | 46 | |
| 14919848082 | Analyze and explain key traits of bedouin culture in the pre-Islamic Arabian world. | Were polytheistic, relied on herding livestock, major source of income was caravans. | 47 | |
| 14919848083 | Analyze the significance of major towns and trade in the pre-Islamic Arabian world. | Some major cities included Mecca, Medina (Yathrib), Karbala, and Damascus--The most important of these cities was Mecca, which was an important center of trade in the area, as well as the location of the Kaaba (or Ka'ba), one of the most revered shrines in polytheistic Arabia | 48 | |
| 14919851882 | Identify and analyze the significance of Muhammad to Islam and key events from his lifetime. | Muhammad- an Arab religious, social and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. | 49 | |
| 14919855316 | Identify and explain key traits of Islam and analyze why it was appealing to the Arab community. | 50 | ||
| 14919858187 | Identify the cause of the Shi'a-Sunni split and the impacts of this conflict. | The Sunni-Shite divide occurred in 632 A.D. when the prophet, Muhammad, died. Sunnis believed that the new leader should be elected. They chose Muhammad's advisor, Abu Bakr. Shiites believed that the new leader should have been Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law, Ali bin Abu Talib. As a result, Shiites have their own Imams, who they consider holy. They consider their Imams to be the true leaders, not the state. | 51 | |
| 14919858188 | Explain the significance of Arab and Islamic expansion in the 7th and 8th centuries and key factors, motivations, etc. in this expansion | They began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion. The resulting empire stretched from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. He wanted to unify the entire world under Muslim ideas. | 52 | |
| 14919862234 | How did Islam improve conditions for women during the first few centuries of Arab conquest and rule? | Women could own property and businesses, and remarriage after divorce was legal | 53 | |
| 14919862235 | Be able to identify key traits of the Umayyad Caliphate and causes for their eventual decline. | Key traits: ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE, controlled the Middle East, parts of India, much of North Africa, and Spain, creating a common coinage, establishing Arabic as the official language throughout the empire, and standardizing weights and measures | 54 | |
| 14919865436 | Be able to identify key traits of the Abbasid Caliphate and causes for their success in the 8th century. | Key traits: built a centralized order, capital at Baghdad, made advancements in Science, math, and the arts. | 55 | |
| 14919865437 | What were the key causes of imperial decline and turmoil during the Abbasid era? | Decline: invasions, fought with Shia Muslims, economic troubles, leaders didn't reflect Muhammad's beliefs | 56 | |
| 14919870388 | How did the role of women change during the Abbasid era? | the practice of keeping women out of public life, cloistering them and restricting their movements | 57 | |
| 14919870389 | How did Islam spread to SE Asia? | Islam spread to SE Asia mainly by way of Muslim merchants who brought their religion with them along trade routes. In addition, the rulers of the SE Asian kingdom of Melaka sponsored and promoted the religion, which helped it spread much more rapidly. | 58 | |
| 14919873884 | What factors caused the success of Islam in SE Asia? | 59 | ||
| 14919873885 | How did geography impact the development of African societies and empires? | There were many coastal lands making it easy for people to trade with them from Europe and Asia. | 60 | |
| 14919876974 | What were the impacts of the growing international trade network in Africa in the postclassical period? | Islam spread to many different places, Africa became very wealthy, North Africa became a hub for trade. What was the impact of the spread of Islam on African societies? Many leaders and merchants converted to Islam so that they could have a common belief for trade. | 61 | |
| 14919876975 | What was the impact of the spread of Islam on African societies? | Many leaders and merchants converted to Islam so that they could have a common belief for trade. | 62 | |
| 14919880536 | What are the defining features and traits of various African societies, empires, and kingdoms? | Wealthy from trading gold, could be located on the coast, trading hubs. | 63 | |
| 14919880537 | Sudanic States/West Africa | Ghana- founded in the Sahel, ruler converted to Islam Mali - broke away from Ghana in the 13th century, became a model of Islam, important traders Songhay- successor state to Mali, became a thriving cultural and commercial center | 64 | |
| 14919883718 | West African Slave Trade | started with African tribes raiding each other, Arabic Muslim slave traders active for centuries and brought out the largest number of slaves, Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish slave forts on the west coast | 65 | |
| 14919883719 | East African City-States | Trading centers such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala that grew into busy market places and trade centers and were connected to other regions of the world especially India because of the monsoon winds and Indian Ocean trade | 66 |
