Cellular Metabolism
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| 611268230 | Autotrophs | An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms; Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules (e.g. glucose) from inorganic ones (water and carbon dioxide). - e.g. plants and photosynthesis. | |
| 611268231 | Heterotrophs | Organisms that can only get the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the consumption of other organic matter. In the food web, all consumers and decomposers are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs can be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. | |
| 611268232 | anabolic processes | Consumes energy (endothermic) to create a complex molecule from simple ones (e.g. photosynthesis). | |
| 611268233 | catabolic processes | breakdown of complex molecules to smaller molecules to release energy (exothermic). e.g. Glucose to CO2, H2O and ATP | |
| 611268234 | Energy Carriers | ATP, NAD+ and FAD (both coenzymes). | |
| 611268235 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | E available immediately to do work. nitrogenous base, ribose, 3 phosphate functional groups; there is a high energy bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups. It can readily transfer that last phosphate group to many other molecules inside cells. |  |
| 611268236 | Glucose Catabolism | transfer of E from glucose to ATP occurs in two stages: glycolysis and cellular respiration | |
| 611268237 | Glycolysis | anaerobic process occuring in the cytoplasm in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of (3C's) pyruvate and two net ATP are produced |  |
| 611268238 | Net rxn of Glycolysis | NET: Glucose + 2ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O Total E output of 4 ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation), but only 2 net bc 2 ATP required for rxn to go. | |
| 611268239 | Anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen. | |
| 611268240 | obligate | require their designated environment. | |
| 611268241 | facultative | Have a preferred environment but can survive in either. | |
| 611268242 | Fate of Pyruvate | Aerobic Organisms (use oxygen to survive):cellular respiration (ETC) Anaerobic Organisms: fermentation (alcohol or lactic acid fermentation) | |
| 611268243 | Fermentation | Includes all the steps of glycolysis + reduction of pyruvate (from the oxidation of NADH to NAD+). Allows us to reform NAD+ so that it may be recycled and glycolysis may continue. |  |
| 611268244 | Alcohol Fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. - occurs in yeast and some bacteria Pyruvate (3C) --> CO2 + Acetaldehyde (2C) Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ --> Ethanol (2C) + NAD+ |  |
| 611268245 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce. - occurs in some fungi and bateria;also in mammalian muscle cells. |  |
| 611268246 | Net Rxn for Lactic Acid Fermentation | Pyruvate (3C) + NADH + H+ --> Lactic Acid + NAD+ | |
| 611268247 | Cori Cycle | The process by which accumulated lactate from anaerobic lactic acid fermentation is shuttled to the liver to be converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose and returned to muscle. The Cori cycle provides a means to deal with the pyruvate that accumulates during anaerobic glycolysis; Net loss of 4 ATP. |  |
| 611268248 | oxygen debt | amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid produced anaerobically during strenuous muscle activity. | |
| 611268249 | Cellular Respiration | The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules (carbs, fats and amino acids) such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work (ATP); involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). - net: 36-38 ATP |  |
| 611268250 | Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylation | 1st step of aerobic respiration in which pyruvate is transferred from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix where it loses a CO2. - Acetyl remains (2C) and is bound to coenzyme A (acetyl CoA | |
| 611268251 | Net Rxn for Pyruvate Decarboxylation | Net: 2 Pyruvate (3C) + 2 CoA + 2 NAD+ --> 2 NADH + 2 acetyl-CoA (2C) + 2 CO2 (1C) | |
| 611268252 | Citric Acid Cycle | a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (2C - derived from pyruvate) with oxaloacetate (4C - regenerated at end of cycle) to 2 carbon dioxide ; - occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; - together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration. - Generates high E e-s carried in NADH and FADH2 for use in the ETC; - aka Krebs Cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) - Each turn (2turns/glucose) generates 1 ATP (in the form of GTP - via substrate-level phosphorylation), 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, |  |
| 611268253 | Net Rxn Kreb Cycle | 2 Acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 GDP + 2 Pi + 4 H2O --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 H+ + 2CoA | |
| 611268254 | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism; - occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. | |
| 611268255 | Electron Transport Chain | Process involving a series of enzyme complexes (cytochromes - contain central Fe ion) found along the inner mitochondrial membrane, the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes . - NADH and FADH2 are oxidized by tehse enzymes; the electrons are shuttled down the chain and are ultimately passed to oxygen and to produce water. The electron energy is used to pump H+ out of the mitochondrial membrane; the resulting H+ gradient is subsequently used to drive the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. |  |
| 611268256 | NADH Pathway in ETC | - Complex I: hands of e-s to FMN - passed to Carrier Q (ubiquinone) - Complex III - passed to cytochrome c - Complex IV: protein cytochrome a3 passes to oxygen along with 2 H+ to make H2O - 1 NADH generates 3 ATP (exception: in cytoplasm aka in glycolysis, 1 NADH = 2ATP) | |
| 611268257 | FADH2 pathway in ETC | Complex II aka succinate Q oxidoreductase passes to carrier Q - rest is the same as NADH - less d traveled so less E generated; 2 ATP per FADH2 | |
| 611268258 | Final e- Acceptor in ETC | Oxygen; 2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 --> H2O | |
| 611268259 | ETC disrupted by Cyanide and DNP | Cyanide: blocks the final transfer of e-s to O2 DNP: destroys mitochondria's ability to creat H+ gradient | |
| 611268260 | ATP generation and the Proton Pump | reduced carries give up e-s and H+ are passed into matrix; accumulate and are pumped out into intermembrane space via complexes. gradient drives H+ passively back across inner mitochondrial membrane into the mito matrix (proton-motive force) via channels, enzyme complex aka ATP synthase, E is released and phosphorylation of ADP back to ATP occurs (oxidative phosporylation0. | |
| 611268261 | Glycolysis occurs in the _______. | cytoplasm | |
| 611268262 | Fermentation occurs in the ________. | cytoplasm | |
| 611268263 | Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _________. | mitochondrial matrix | |
| 611268264 | TCA cycle occurs in the _________. | mitochondrial matrix. | |
| 611268265 | ETC occurs in the _________. | inner mitochondrial membrane | |
| 611268266 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP from ADP and Pi molecules using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; occurs in mitochondria. | |
| 611268267 | NADH and ATP output | 4 ATP from glycolysis (2 NADH x 2) 6 ATP from pyruvate decarbox. (2 NADH x 3) 18 ATP from TCA (6 NADH x 3) 28 ATP total from NADH | |
| 611268268 | FADH2 | 4 ATP from TCA Cycle (2FADH2 x 20 | |
| 611268269 | Krebs occurs in the _____ | matrix of the mitochondria | |
| 611268270 | How is the Krebs cycle linked to glycolysis? By what? | the Krebs cycle is linked to glycolysis by pyruvate. Pyruvate is the final product of glycolysis which is then converted to acetyl coA to be used in the Krebs cycle. | |
| 611268271 | The Krebs cycle produces _______ and ______ which are used to form the ATP in the ETC. | NADH and FADH₂ | |
| 611268272 | What is the single greatest source of ATP? | the ETC | |
| 611268273 | Glycolysis converts a single molecule of ______ into two molecules of ________? | Glycolysis converts a single molecule of _glucose_ into two molecules of __pyruvate_? | |
| 611268274 | Glycolysis produces a net total of ___ ATP | 2 | |
| 611268275 | During Glycolysis, ___ molecules of ___ are formed. Glycolysis however does not make ________. | During Glycolysis, _2_ molecules of _NADH__ are formed. Glycolysis however does not make ___FADH₂__. | |
| 611268276 | Fermentation is a process that occurs during ______________ respiration in organisms such as __________. | anaerobic respiration, occurs in organisms like yeast. or lactic acid in humans | |
| 611268277 | During Fermentation, yeast change _________ to __________. | glucose to pyruvic acid. | |
| 611268278 | The pyruvic acid is then changed into __________. | ethyl alcohol, a waste product of the fermentation process. | |
| 611268279 | Does Fermentation produce ATP? | Yes, fermentation produces 4 ATP when it changes glucose to pyruvic acid. |
