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| 559664479 | Carotenoids | lipid derivatives, produce pigments in plants and animals , An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. | |
| 559664480 | Porphyrins | lipid derivatives, a group of light-sensitive, pigmented, ringed chemical structures that are required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Complexed with metals usch as iron in hemoglobin and chlorophyll with Mg | |
| 559664481 | Can H20 and hydrocarbons pass freely across membrane? | yes (small, uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic can pass) | |
| 559664482 | Porins | allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules such as aquaporins in kidneys for H20 | |
| 559664483 | Rough ER | protein synthesis, creates glycoproteins for secretion | |
| 559664484 | Smooth ER | synthesis of hormones, lipids, breakdown of toxins and drugs in liver | |
| 559664485 | cyclosis | transport of material in cytoplasm (steaming movement) | |
| 559664486 | Peroxiomes | breakdown of H2O2, fatty acids, AA. In liver and kidneys to break down toxins, by-products of photorespiration in plants | |
| 559664487 | Centrioles | two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Are microtubles (MTOCs) | |
| 559664488 | Storage vocuoles | store starch, pigments, toxic substances (nicotine) in plants | |
| 559664489 | Contractile vacuoles | in single cell organism, pump excess water out of cell Ex. fresh water protozoa to prevent bursting | |
| 559664490 | Desmosome | aka spot welding, support and stability | |
| 559664491 | Tight junctions | animal cells, seal to prevent passage of materials btwn cell | |
| 559664492 | gap junctions | narrow tunnels btwn animal cells, only ions exchange | |
| 559664493 | plasmodesma | barrow channels between plant cells for exchange of materials | |
| 559664494 | Bulk flow | collective movement of substance (like blood or urine) in same direction due to force | |
| 559664495 | dialysis | diffusion of solutes across selective permeable membrane (passive) | |
| 559664496 | plasmolysis | water of out cell, results in collapse aka shrivel (passive) | |
| 559664497 | Total ATP in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic = 36 ATP Prokaryotic = 38 ATP | |
| 559664498 | Glycolysis | 1 glucose + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2NAD + 2Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O = 2 ATP | |
| 559664499 | Fermination | 1 pyruvate + NADH --> (Ethanol + CO2 in Plants) and (Lactic Acid in animals use for muscle cells) + NAD | |
| 559664500 | Pyruvate decarboxylation | 2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 NAD --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH = - 2 ATP | |
| 559664501 | Citric Acid Cycle | 2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2H20 --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP = 2 ATP | |
| 559664502 | Electron Transport Chain | 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34pi + 10 H + 5O2 ---> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 34 ATP + 10H20 = 34 ATP | |
| 559664503 | How man ATP per NADH and FADH? | 1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP | |
| 559664504 | Where does the H+ accumulate in Mitochondria | Between Inner and Outer membrane/ cross crista (btw inner and outer membrane vs matrix) | |
| 559664505 | Cori Cycle | liver converts lactic acid lack into glucose when ATP is available | |
| 559664506 | Noncyclic Photophosphorylation | Photosystem 2 P680 Generates = NADPH, ATP, photolysis of H2O (to get 2 electrons) | |
| 559664507 | Cyclic Photophosphorylation | Photosystem 1 P700 Generates ATP only | |
| 559664508 | Calvin Cycle (Dark Cycle) | fixes Co2 (6 cycles) 1. carboxylation 2. reduction 3. regeneration and carbohydrate synthesis | |
| 559664509 | Dark reaction takes place in the ? | stroma of the chlorplasts | |
| 559664510 | Light reaciton takes place in the ? | chlorophyll of the thylakoid of the chlorplasts | |
| 559664511 | Where does H+ accumulate in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts? | inside thylakoids | |
| 559664512 | Chromatin | uncoiled DNA in Interphase | |
| 559664513 | Chromosomes | chromatin condense into chromosomes in Prophase of Mitosis | |
| 559664514 | Epistasis | One gene affects the phenotypic expression for a second gene Ex. Chad's bald head affects the expression of this red hair | |
| 559664515 | Pleiotropy | Single gene has more than one phenotypic expression Ex. sick cell anemia | |
| 559664516 | Polygenism | many genes afffect single trait Ex. Height, diff heights around the world for single trait | |
| 559664517 | Linked genes | on same chromosome, segerates dependently | |
| 559664518 | X-inactivation | one of the 2 X chromosomes does not uncoil = create barr body Ex. Calico Cats | |
| 559664519 | Aneuploidy | extra or missing chromosomes, usually because of nondisjunction of sex or somatic cells | |
| 559664520 | Mutations in somatic cells can lead to ___ while in sex cells can transmit to __ | Mutations in somatic cells can lead to tumor while mutation in sex cells can transmit to offspring | |
| 559664521 | Replication | 1. Helicase 2. Single Stranded binding proteins 3. Primase lays RNA primers 4. DNA Pol III 5. DNA ligase (seals backbone of Okazaki fragments) 6. DNA Pol I (replace RNA primers with DNA) 7. Telomere | |
| 559664522 | Missense Mutation | codes for different Amino Acid | |
| 559664523 | Nonsense Mutation | codes for stop codon | |
| 559664524 | Euchromatin | loosely bound, active transcription, 92% of human genome, in boht Euk and Prok cells | |
| 559664525 | Heteromatin | tightly bound, not active | |
| 559896520 | Describe Inductive system. How does transcription happen? How does transcription not happen? | - When repressor binds to operator = prevent RNA pol (no transcription) - When repressor binds to inducer(or a cofactor) = RNA pol attach to begin transcrption | |
| 559896521 | Put these in order and describe each for an Operon (bacterial gene regulation) = promotor, operator, regulatory genes, structural genes | 1. regulatory genes = codes for repressors or activators for operon 2. Promotor = RNA pol attach to begin transcription 3. Operator = Can block RNA pol if bound of repressor 4. Structural Gene = codes for genetic product | |
| 559896522 | Lac Operon = 1. what is its function? 2. How to prevent transcription? 3. How to allow transcription? | 1. lac genes allow for the catabolism of lactose 2. Transcription is prevented when the repressor binds to the operator 3. Transcription occurs when the regressor binds to the lactose | |
| 559896523 | Transcription Steps | 1. RNA Pol binds to promoter via transcription factor and unzips DNA 2. RNA Pol forms complementary RNA 3. Transcription terminated at special sequence | |
| 559896524 | Promoter regions in Prok and Euk? | Prok = -35 sequence and Pribnow box Euk = TATA box | |
| 559896525 | What is the template strand and two other names for it? | - Template strand is the one being transcribed It is also known as the non-coding or anti-sense | |
| 559896526 | What is the complementary strand and two other names for it? | - The complementary RNA (1 strand of mRNA 5' -> 3') is the one being formed from the template strand It is also known as coding strand or sense | |
| 559896527 | Monocistronic | Eukaryotic 1 RNA -> 1 Protein | |
| 559896528 | Polycistronic | Prokaryotic 1 RNA --> Many Proteins | |
| 559896529 | How many RNA Pol are in Prok and Euk? And what do they make? | Prok = Only 1 = RNA Pol Eurk = 3 RNA Pol 1 = rRNA RNA Pol 2 = mRNA RNA Poll 3 = tRNA (READ MY TEETH) | |
| 559896530 | What is 5'Cap/ Poly A Tail/ Splicing out introns | Only in Eukaryotic 1. 5'Cap and poly A tail ensures mRNA stability in protein synthesis 2. Splicing out introns and connecting exons makes mRNA small and easier to transport | |
| 559896531 | Speciation 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric 3. Adaptive Radiation 4. Ecological Speciation 5. Morphological Speciation | 1. Allopatric = geographic isolation via barrier 2. Sympatric = no geographicn isolation 3. Adaptive Radiation = many species from single ancestor 4. Ecological Speciation = adaption because of location and activity 5. Morphological Speciation = seperation becuz of physical measures | |
| 559896532 | Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic isolating mchanism | Prezygotic = prevent fertilization Postzygotic = prevent formation of fertile progeny | |
| 559896533 | Parallel Evolution | Two rated species make similar adaptation under similar circumstances after diverging from a common ancestor (think of a fork) | |
| 559896534 | Coevolution | Two or more species evolve together (responding to each other's new evolutionary features) | |
| 559896535 | Phyletic gradualism | evolution occurs gradually through accumulation of small changes over long period of time | |
| 559896536 | Punctuated equilibrium | long periods of nothing happening and little change puncutated with short, rapid evolution | |
| 559896537 | Archaea | -Domain -Prokaryotes -Cell walls and plasma membrane distinct from prok and euk. made of polysaccarides -DNA associated with histones - ribosomes not inhibited by antibiotics Ex. methanogens (produce methane) and Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles) | |
| 559896538 | Cell wall of Bacteria | - peptodoglycan cell wall | |
| 559896539 | Bacteria DNA? | single DS circular DNA, not associated with histones | |
| 559896540 | Domain Bacteria | Kingdom Monera - prokaryotes - single celled | |
| 559896541 | Cyanobacteria | are photosynthetic bacteria Can withstand high temp believed to descend from first organisms with a developed photosynethic capability | |
| 559896542 | Blue Green Algae | Are cyanobacteria | |
| 559896543 | Nitrogen fixing bacteria | fixes N2 to NO3 Ex. roots of legumes and lighting | |
| 559896544 | Staphylococci | clusters of circular bacteria | |
| 559896545 | Streptococci | chain of circular bacteria | |
| 559896546 | Domain Eukarya | Kingdom Protisa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | |
| 559896547 | Protista it's subgroups | Plant and Animal characteristics - Algae like (energy via photosynthesis) (multicellular) - Protozoa (Animal like) (single cell) - Fungus like (multicellular) | |
| 559896548 | euglenoids | Protista - algae like (photosynthetic) - flagella made of microtubles for location via powerstroke | |
| 559896549 | Dinoflagellates | Protista - algae like (photsnthetic) - di (2) flagella - some bioluminescent while others produce toxin | |
| 559896550 | Phytoplankton | Protista - algae like | |
| 559896551 | Diatoms | Protista - have silica shells that fit together like a box with lid | |
| 559896552 | Brown algae | Protista - kelps | |
| 559896553 | Rhodophyta | Protista - read algae | |
| 559896554 | Cholorphyta | Protista - green algae | |
| 559896555 | Protozoa | Belong to Protista - animal like - unicellular -heterotropic like little animals | |
| 559896556 | Rhizopoda | Protoza - Amoebas - move by extending pseudopods | |
| 559896557 | Foraminifera | Protoza - made of calcium carbonate | |
| 559896558 | Apicomplexans | Protoza - parasites of animals | |
| 559896559 | Paramecium | Protoza - move and feed with cilia made by microtubulin - have vacuole for excretion | |
| 559896560 | Nervous system of protoza | no organized nervous system. move via stimuli such as head, light, chemical, etc. | |
| 559896561 | Digestion of protoza | phagocytosis via vaculoes which fuse with lysosomes Or cilia sweep food in | |
| 559896562 | Myxomycota | Fungus like protista - plamodial slime molds | |
| 559896563 | Slim molds (Acrasiomycota) | fungus like protista - coenocytic (many nuclei) | |
| 559896564 | Oomycota | fungus like protista - water molds, mildrew, whit rusts -form filaments but not septa - coenocytic (many nuclei) | |
| 560105230 | Cell wall of fungi? | chitin | |
| 560105231 | Fungi are either? two things | 1. saprophytic (bread mold) 2. parasitc (athelet's foot) | |
| 560105232 | Hyphae | haploid, filaments in fungi | |
| 560105233 | Mycelium | mass of hyphae | |
| 560105234 | coenocytic | some lack septa so they are mutli nucleated such as oomycota and slim molds belonging to the fungus like protista | |
| 560105235 | septate | crosswalls, multicellular form like mushrooms in fungus | |
| 560105236 | Haustoria | ends of tissues for nutrients absorption in fungus | |
| 560105237 | Plasmogamy | fusion of cells from two different fungal strain to produce single cell with 2 nuclei (2 cells become 1 cell with 2 nuclei) | |
| 560105238 | Karyogamy | fusion of 2 haploid nuceli to form single diploid nucleus (1N +1N = 2N) | |
| 560227281 | Zygomycota | aka zygote, no septa, reproduce sexually, bread mold, Fungi | |
| 560227282 | Glomeromycota | mutual relationship with roots of plants | |
| 560227283 | Ascomycota | fungus, have septa, Yeakts and truffles aka sacs | |
| 560227284 | Acrasimycota | not a fungus, cellular slime molds belonging to fungus like protista that has coenocytic (many nuclei) | |
| 560227285 | Basidiomycota | fungus with septa (multicellular) Ex. Mushrooms aka club fungi | |
| 560227286 | Deuteromycota | imperfect fungi, artifical group Ex. Penicillium | |
| 560227287 | Lichens | mutual relationship btwn fungi and algae | |
| 566679328 | Nitrogen fixing bacteria | N2 to NO3 (light, legumes) | |
| 566679329 | Nitrifiying Bacteria | N2 to NH4 to NO3 (chemosynthesis) | |
| 566679330 | denitrifying bacteria | NH3 to N2 | |
| 566679331 | Heart Right side is ___/Left side is ___ | Right side is deoxygenated/Left side is oxygenated | |
| 566679332 | Electrocardiogram (what is R, QRS. T) | R = artial depolarization QRS = ventricular contraction T = repolarization | |
| 566679333 | Arteries (3 things) | thick walls muscular elastic vessels | |
| 566679334 | capillaries | thin walls smallest diameter | |
| 566679335 | veins | think walls blood flow in vein depends on muscles during movement (veins have valves to prevent flow back of blood in legs) inelastic vessels | |
| 566679336 | purkinje fibers | contraction of venticles | |
| 566679337 | 3 blood proteins | immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen | |
| 566679338 | two types of bone | compact (haversian system) and spongy bone (filled with yellow and red bone marrow) | |
| 566679339 | What is another name for resorption | ostesclasts destory bones | |
| 566679340 | endochondrial ossification | cartilage replaced by bone | |
| 566679341 | intramembranous ossification | embryonic, undifferentiated connective tissue replaced by bone | |
| 566679342 | axial skeleton | skull, vertebral, column, rib cage | |
| 566679343 | appendicular skeleton | bones of appendages, pectoral and pelvic | |
| 566679344 | origin | muscle to stationary bone | |
| 566679345 | insertion | muscle to bone that moves | |
| 566679346 | tendon | muscle to bone | |
| 566679347 | ligament | moveable joints (bone to bone) |
