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| 560810395 | Ectotherms | obtain heat from environment | |
| 560810396 | Endotherms | generate own heat | |
| 560810397 | What do chemorepectors monitor in Human respiration | level of [H+] in the carotid arteries | |
| 560810398 | What is the air passages? | Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchoiles, Alevoli | |
| 560810399 | Another name for the pharynx | throat | |
| 560810400 | Another name for the larynx | voice box | |
| 560810401 | order these, larynx, pharynx, trachea | 1. Pharynx 2. Larynx 3. Trachea (PLT similar to BLT) | |
| 560810402 | Negative pressure breathing | Inhalation | |
| 560810403 | diaphragm contracts/flattens | inhalation | |
| 560810404 | external intercostal muscles contract | inhalation | |
| 560810405 | rib cage and chest up and out | inhalation | |
| 560810406 | thoracic cavity increase in volume | inhalation | |
| 560810407 | passive breathing process | exhalation | |
| 560810408 | diaphragm relax | exhalation | |
| 560810409 | external intercostal muscles relax | exhalation | |
| 560810410 | chest wall pushes inward | exhalation | |
| 560810411 | thoracic cavity volume decrease | exhalation | |
| 560810412 | reduce pressure in thoracic cavity | inhalation | |
| 560810413 | constantly drink/rarely urinate/excrete salts through gills | marine fish | |
| 560810414 | rarely drink/urinate constantly/absorb salts through gills | fresh water fish | |
| 560810415 | Flame cells (protonephridia) are in what type of animal use in the excretory system? | platyhelminthes | |
| 560810416 | what uses nephridia for excretory system? | annelids | |
| 560810417 | malpighian tubles for excretory system? | arthropods (produce nitric acid, solid waste) | |
| 560810418 | What produces urea and where? | Amino acid and in the liver, fuses with blood then goes to kidney | |
| 560810419 | Which part is more concentrated? medulla or cortex | medulla has more concentrated urine because of the collecting duct | |
| 560810420 | filtration through glomerulus. The filtrate is hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic to the blood plasma? | istonic to blood plasma | |
| 560810421 | Filtration is a passive or active process and via what? | passive via hydrostatic pressure forces 20% into glomerulus | |
| 560810422 | secretion is passive or active? | passive and active | |
| 560810423 | where does reabsorption mostly occur? and is it passive or active? | -most in proximal convoluted tubule. -active process when reabsorbing amino acids/vitamins and . but reabsorption/sodium -passive with water | |
| 560810424 | The descending loop of henle only reabsorbs what? | water (descending is the loop on he left) | |
| 560810425 | Ascending loop of henle only reabsorbs what? | Na and Cl | |
| 560810426 | what is the point of mucus in stomach? | protects stomach lining from acidic juice such as HCl and pepsinogen | |
| 560810427 | What is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the stomach? | physical breakdown = food size gets smaller chemical = food mixes with gastic juice produce by the glands in stomach. (pepsinogen become pepsin)(chyme in stomach release gastrin which release HCl) | |
| 560810428 | enzyme pepsin | Produce in chief cells and stomach pepsinogen --> pepsin acidic and breaks down protein | |
| 560810429 | HCl | Produce by gastrin in stomach kills bacteria and dissolves glue that is holding food together | |
| 560810430 | what causes stomach ulcers? | pepsin may cause stomach ulcers if mucus breaks down in stomach | |
| 560810431 | pyloric sphincter | chyme passes from stomach to duodenum (beginning of small intestine) | |
| 560810432 | Where does most of the digestion occur? | in the duodenum of the small intestine (this is where the the intestinal glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mix with chyme) duodenum, ilium, jijunum | |
| 560810433 | the ilium and jijunum absorbs digested food through villi, what are the two ways the digested food can travel? and what passes through each? where does it eventually go? | 1. capillaries = amino acid and monosaccharides passes and goes into blood capillaries 2. lacteals = large fatty acids and glycerol passes and goes into lymph system | |
| 560810434 | What 3 enzymes does the pancreas produce and what does each do? | 1. Trypsin (proteases) and also converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin 2. chymotrypsin (proteases) 3. amylase (starch digestion) | |
| 560810435 | What does bile do? Passage of Bile | Function = emulsify fat and neutralize pH becase bile is alkaline 1. liver makes bile 2. bile store in gall bladder 3. bile pass bile duct 4. bile pass pancreatic duct 5. bile goes into small intestine where fats are digested(emulsify) | |
| 560810436 | Main function of large intestine? | reabsorb water and salt to form solid waste and stored int he rectum | |
| 560810437 | Where and why is Gastrin secreted and what does it secrete? | -Gastrin is produced by cells of the stomach lining when food enters the stomach or it can produce upon smell of food -it secretes HCl (gastric juice) | |
| 560810438 | Where is secretin produce and why? and what does it stimulate? | - produce in small intestine - produce by cell lining of duodenum when food enters -stimualte bicarbonate production to neutralize acidity of chyme | |
| 560810439 | Where is choecystokinin produce and why? and what does it stimulate? | - produce by small intestine in response to fats - it stimulates bile release from the gall bladder and the release of panreatic enzyme into small intestine | |
| 561095444 | Resting Potential at __. How many of what pumps in and out? | -70 mV pumps 2K+ in and 3Na+ out (active) making inside negative Neuron permeable to K+ going back out but not Na+ coming back so stays negative | |
| 561095445 | Action Potential at __. What happens? | -50 mV Threshold/All or nothing response - Na channels open to allow Na to come in and depolarize (making inside less negative from -70 to -50) | |
| 561095446 | Repolarization | - Na channels close - K channels open in response to depolarization, K floods out, repolarizing the cell back to resting potential. | |
| 561095447 | Hyperpolarization | more neg inside than resting potential because K channels open for too long | |
| 561095448 | Myelin in PNS is called? | Schwann cells | |
| 561095449 | Myelin in CNS is called? | oligodendrocytes | |
| 561095450 | Cell bodies clustered together is called what in the PNS? CNS? | PNS = ganglia CNS = nuceli | |
| 561095451 | plexus | network of nerves | |
| 561095452 | Which muscle is mutlinucetated? | skeletal always and cardiac sometimes, smooth is mononuceleated | |
| 561095453 | myogenic | capable of contracting without stimulation from nerve cells (smooth and cardiac) | |
| 561095454 | highly branched and connected by gap junctions (smooth, cardiac , or skeletal) | cardiac | |
| 561432921 | Increase plasma osomolarity produce? | ADH secretes when you have an increase plasma osomolarity means less water and more salts in plasma and you want to secrete ADH to make the collecting duct permeable to water and promote water reabsorption. | |
| 561432922 | decrease blood volume, you want to produce more? | ADH or Aldoesertone | |
| 561432923 | Where is glycogen stored? | muscles and liver | |
| 561432924 | What is acromegaly and what hormone causes it? | cause by over production of Growth hormone in adults, disapportionate overgrowth of bone | |
| 561432925 | What are direct hormones? | PEG - prolactin , endorphins, growth hormones | |
| 561432926 | What are tropic hormones? | FLAT | |
| 561432927 | What 3 hormones belong to adrenal cortex? | 1. mineral = aldolesterone 2. glucocorticoids = increase glucose in blood via gluconeogenesis, decrease protein production 3.sex hormones = androgens | |
| 561432928 | if the blood volume in the kidneys fall, what does it produce? and what does the thing it produce affect? | 1. release renin 2. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I to angiotensin II release Aldoesterone 3. Aldoesterone increase Na reabosption, water fallows Na | |
| 561432929 | what does the pineal gland secretes? | 1. melatonin = regulates circadian rhythms | |
| 561432930 | GnRH regulates? | LH and FSH | |
| 561432931 | estrogen and progesterone regulates ? | GnRH | |
| 561432932 | LH and FSH regulates ? | estrogen and progesterone | |
| 561432933 | What are the four stages of menstrual cycle? | 1. Follicular stage 2. ovulation 3. Luteal stage 4. menstruation | |
| 561432934 | what happens in the follicular stage? | -FSH stimulates development of follicle -follicle secrete estrogen peak -estrogen stimuates spike LH | |
| 561432935 | Ovulation stage | because of LH spike follicle burst and release ovum | |
| 561432936 | Luteal Stage | burst ovum becomes corpus luteum Endometrium thickens due to estrogen and progesterone to prepare for implantation | |
| 561432937 | Menstruation | negative feedback Corpus luteum disintegrates due to low FSH and LH Endometrium disintegrates in absence of estrogen and progesterone | |
| 561432938 | Deuterostomes | radial cleavages, usually indeterminate cleavages, anus forms first | |
| 561432939 | Protostomes | spiral cleaves, usually determinate cleavages, mouth forms first | |
| 561432940 | Notochord derived from the? | mesoderm | |
| 564734076 | What supports the cytoskeletal structure? | microfilaments and intermediate filatments | |
| 564734077 | what are microfibrils? | building blocks of the cellulose | |
| 564734078 | Endergonic | compound synthesis from smaller chemical to bigger chemical are enderognic (anabolic) | |
| 564734079 | Animals cells become lysed while plants cells? | become turgid | |
| 564734080 | Helper T cells are activated by? | antigens presented by macrophages | |
| 564734081 | Cytotoxic T cells activated by? | antigens presented by infected cells | |
| 564734082 | Double fertilization within the ovule of an angiosperm | one time mitosis to produce 2 sperm cells that separately fertilize a egg cell and 2 polar nuclei through the aids of a pollen tube. | |
| 564734083 | Total number of ATP required for the synthesis of one glucose molecule via Calvin Cycle | 18 | |
| 564734084 | The male sex hormones are produced by? | interstitial cells | |
| 564734085 | Prostate gland | facilitates ejaculation of sperms by prematurely secreting a thin, milky fluid | |
| 564734086 | Synapsis | synapsis of homologous chromosomes is the making of tetrad in prophase I or Meiosis I. | |
| 564734087 | Rate constant equation for half life | k=0.693/time of half-life | |
| 564734088 | Combustion produces what and uses what in excess amount? | Produce CO2 and H20 and requires O2 in excess | |
| 564734089 | Formation of acetals from aldehydes and alcohols is carried out via... | nucelophic additions | |
| 566028112 | what are the 3 nonspecific leukocytes? | nutrophiles, macrophages, natural killer (NMN) | |
| 566028117 | what are interferons and what does it do? | helps neighbors produce anti-viral proteins to prevent spread of virus | |
| 566028119 | what manufactures antibodies and what does it do? | plasma cells makes antibodies inactivate antigens by binding to them followed by phagocytosis | |
| 566028122 | Once B cells encounters an antigen, it proliferates into two cells, what are they and with the help out what? | proliferate into Plasma cells and Memory cells with the help of T helper cells | |
| 566028124 | When activated, what are the two types of T cells? | 1. cytotoxic T cells (aka killer T cells) - lyse non-self cells 2. helper T cells - stimulate proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells | |
| 566028125 | What happens during cell-mediated response? | T cells responds to non-self cells (antigen) and produce cytotoxic T cells t destroy non-self cells OR T cells produce helper T cells that bind to macrophages that engulf non-self cells | |
| 566028127 | during fertilization, sperm recognize what to ensure proper reproduction? | zona pellucida | |
| 566028128 | In humans, penetration triggers what? | meiosis II | |
| 566028130 | What is the blastocoel and what stage is it in? | fuild filled cavity in bastula | |
| 566028132 | what is the blastopore and what stage is it in? | in gastrula, becomes the anus or mouth first | |
| 566119842 | The neural tube forms? | Central Nervous System | |
| 566119843 | What is the gray crescent in frog? | cytoplasm where sperm penetrates egg | |
| 566119844 | blastodisc | blastulation in birds | |
| 566119845 | Primitive streak | where gastrulation occurs in birds, not blastopore | |
| 566119846 | blastocyst | im humans where gastrulation occurs. consist of trophoblast (outter ring of cells, forms the chorion) and embryoblast (where gastrulation ocurs) | |
| 566119847 | simple reflex | afferent to efferent via spinal cord | |
| 566119848 | complex reflex | reticular activitating sys. "startle response" | |
| 566119849 | instinct behavior | mammals take care of offspring | |
| 566119850 | fixed action pattern | innate behavior that once trigger, goes to completion. | |
| 566119851 | imprinting | innate programming of behavior if stimulus experience during early life | |
| 566119852 | Operant conditioning | reinforcement method | |
| 566119853 | spatial learning | return to important location Ex. birds to their nest | |
| 566119854 | habituation | repeat stimulation decrease response (scarying someone, if you stay in the same location and scare repeatly they will eventually not yell) | |
| 566119855 | observational learning | animal copy behavior of another | |
| 566119856 | insight | animal exposed to new behvior uses prior experience to gain desirable outcome | |
| 566119857 | agonistic behavior | This often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource | |
| 566119858 | Altrusitic behavior | risk of self to help another | |
| 566119859 | Environmental Rhythms | maintained by environmental stimuli (ex. traffic light signals) | |
| 566119860 | biotic potential | max growth rate of population under ideal condition | |
| 566119861 | carrying capacity | max number of individuals in population that can be sustained by habitat | |
| 566119862 | density-dependent factors | density dependent on predation, resouce, etc K selected better due to competition | |
| 566119863 | density-independent factors | occur independently of the density of population ex. flood, extreme climate R selected do better due to quick reproduction | |
| 566119864 | what has an exponential growth? | when birth rate exceed mortality rates |
