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| 144977634 | developmental psychology | branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life span. | |
| 144977635 | zygote | fertilized egg as it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division | |
| 144977636 | embryo | developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through second month in which major body systems develop. | |
| 144977637 | fetus | developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth in which first bone cells appear. | |
| 144977638 | teratogens | such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. | |
| 144977639 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman's heavy drinking. | |
| 144977640 | rooting reflex | baby's tendency, when touched on cheek, to turn toward touch, open mouth, and start sucking | |
| 144977641 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. | |
| 144977642 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. | |
| 144977643 | schema | Piaget's term for the concept or framework that organizes and interprets info. | |
| 144977644 | assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. | |
| 144977645 | cognition | all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | |
| 144977646 | accommodation | adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info | |
| 144977647 | object permanence | awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived which develops during the sensorimotor stage | |
| 144977648 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. | |
| 144977649 | conservation | principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects. | |
| 144977650 | egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view. | |
| 144977651 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory,stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend mental operations of logic. | |
| 144977654 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain mental abilities that enable them to think logically about specific events. | |
| 144977655 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. | |
| 144977657 | critical period | optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. | |
| 144977658 | imprinting | process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. | |
| 144977659 | basic trust | according to Erikson, sense that world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. | |
| 144977660 | adolescence | transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. | |
| 144977661 | primary sex characteristics | body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. | |
| 144977662 | puberty | period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. | |
| 144977663 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. | |
| 144977664 | menarche | first menstrual period. | |
| 144977666 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, ability to form close, loving relationships; primary developmental task in early adulthood. | |
| 144977667 | menopause | time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. | |
| 144977669 | cross-sectional study | study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. | |
| 144977670 | longitudinal study | research in which same people are restudied and retested over a long period. | |
| 144977671 | crystallized intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. | |
| 144977672 | fluid intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. | |
| 144977673 | social clock | culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. | |
| 144977674 | preconventional | morality at this LEVEL of Kohlberg's theory is determined by will of outside authority (adults such as parents and teachers) and centers around gaining reward or avoiding punishment. | |
| 144977675 | conventional | morality at this LEVEL of Kohlberg's theory is determined by approval seeking and law and order. Right and wrong determined by society's rules. Respect for authority and majority rule. | |
| 144977676 | postconventional | Kohlberg LEVEL of morality in which right and wrong determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice | |
| 144977677 | Kohlberg | theorist who claimed individuals went through series of stages in process of moral development. | |
| 144977679 | Babinski reflex | reflex in which babies will fan out their toes when you touch the sole of their feet | |
| 144977680 | Moro reflex | infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. | |
| 144977682 | Marcia | stage theorist who focused on adolescent crisis of Erik Erikson and came up with 4 stages that adolescents pass through while seeking an identity. | |
| 144977683 | Erikson | theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan. | |
| 144977684 | identity v role confusion | Erikson's name for crisis of adolescence. | |
| 144977686 | temperament | individual's basic disposition, which is evident from infancy and is generally stable across the lifespan - genetic | |
| 144977687 | zone of proximal development | Vygotsky's term for the area between what a child can learn on their own and with help. | |
| 144977688 | attachment | deep and enduring relationship with person with whom a baby has many experiences. | |
| 144977689 | Harlow | researcher that highlighted importance of physical contact comfort in formation of attachments with parents | |
| 144977690 | imprinting | phenomenon in some animals in which newborns follow the first moving object human or animal that catches their attention | |
| 144977691 | Ainsworth | theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test | |
| 144977692 | Lorenz | theorist associated with the idea of imprinting as an method of attachment in some animals | |
| 144977693 | scaffolding | Vygotsky's idea that learners should be given only just enough help so that they can reach the next level | |
| 144977694 | Gilligan | criticized Kohlberg's research on moral theory because she felt it was biased against girls | |
| 144977695 | identity moratorium | Marcia's stage in which adolescents are delaying making commitment expected of adult through trial and error experiment with different identities. They are looking actively but have not found it yet | |
| 144977696 | identity | sense of oneself as a unique person | |
| 144977699 | identity foreclosure | Marcia's stage in which adolescents accept identity and values given to them in childhood. They are not searching. | |
| 144977704 | intimacy v isolation | Erikson stage for young adults in which the crisis involves finding a romantic partner or feeling alone | |
| 144977705 | integrity v despair | Erikson's crisis of old age in which the individual looks back on their life with either satisfaction or sadness | |
| 144977707 | secure attachment | attachment style in which infants are able to explore, are upset when their caregiver leaves and happy when their caregiver returns | |
| 144977713 | stranger anxiety | The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. | |
| 144977719 | Piaget | believed children thought in a qualitatively different way than adults thought; SPCF theory | |
| 144977720 | Vygotsky | theorist with a theory of Socialcultural cognitive development | |
| 144977726 | Authoritarian | style of parenting in which the parent creates strict rules for the child and the child has little or no input into determining the rules | |
| 144977727 | Authoritative | Parenting style in which standards and limits are set, communication is 2 way, are reponsive to needs, are nurturing and children are expected to follow rules. | |
| 144977729 | permissive | parenting style where set few demands or controls (Baumrind) | |
| 144977731 | trust v. mistrust | Erikson's first stage in which infants up to one year learn if they can count on their caregivers or not | |
| 144977732 | autonomy v. shame | erikson's second stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self determination and control by others | |
| 144977733 | initiative v guilt | Erikson's stage for preschool years where kids begin to develop schemas of what they "ought to do." If these schemas conflict with what others in their environment expect of them_____ develops | |
| 144977734 | industry v inferiority | Erikson's fourth stage in which children direct their energy toward mastering knowledge & intellectual skills the danger at this stage involves feeling incompetent & unproductive | |
| 144977735 | generativity v stagnation | Erikson's stage for middle adult hood (40s-60s) where individuals discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose |
