Midterm 1
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| 767750328 | Who first recorded developmental biology experiments? | Aristotle ~350 BC *He thought spontaneous generation existed | 0 | |
| 767750329 | Who deduced that all animal reproduction began with an egg? "All fromt he egg" | William Harvey 1951 | 1 | |
| 767750330 | When was the microscope invented? | 1660-1670 | 2 | |
| 767750331 | Who developed the single lens microscope? | Antonie Leeuwenhoek | 3 | |
| 767750332 | Who developed the compound microscope? | Robert Hooke | 4 | |
| 767750333 | Who developed the Theory of Preformation? This is the idea that beings came preformed and just grew and grew intact. | Marcello Malpighi 1672; Hartsoeker (1694) | 5 | |
| 767750334 | Who refuted the idea of preformation by showing that the heart, blood vessels, and intestines were not present at the beginning of embryogenesis but are actually formed de novo? | Caspar Wolff 1767 | 6 | |
| 767750335 | Who developed theory of evolution? | Charles Darwin 1859 | 7 | |
| 767750336 | When did Darwin say more general features appeared in development? Less general features? | More general features appeared first in development. Less general features appeared later in development. | 8 | |
| 767750337 | What develops into the future gut of a frog? | Archenteron | 9 | |
| 767750338 | Infolding of cell sheet into embryo | Invagination; sea urchin endoderm | 10 | |
| 767750339 | Splitting or migration of one sheet into two sheets | Delamination; mammalian and bird hypoblast formation | 11 | |
| 767750340 | *Remember that these are types of movement during gastrulation so they all occur | ... | 12 | |
| 767750341 | The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells | Epiboly; ectoderm formation in amphibians, sea urchins, and tunicates | 13 | |
| 767750342 | Migration of individual cells into the embryo | Ingression; sea urchin mesoderm, drosophila neuroblasts | 14 | |
| 767750343 | Inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer | Involution; amphibian mesoderm | 15 | |
| 767750344 | During gastrulation what germ layer forms the sperm and egg? | Germ Cells; *does NOT get formed by three germ layers (endo, meso, ectoderms) | 16 | |
| 767750345 | Which tissue does the endoderm form? | Digestive tube, pharynx, respiratory tube | 17 | |
| 767750346 | What type of cell functions as independent units? | Mesenchymal; do not need other cells to communicate with and survive (opposite of epithelial cells | 18 | |
| 767750347 | Which cells are tightly connected sheets of cells? | epithelial | 19 | |
| 767750348 | What is a fate map? | It finds: 1)number of progeny of founder cells 2)location of cells of progeny 3)how they progeny differentiate into (what tissues they form) Pros: allows you to see cellular movement and which cells give rise to which tissues. Allows you to look at intermediate stages. It is also used to investigate the differentiation of stem cells and to model cancer. You can study fate map by just direct observation. | 20 | |
| 767750349 | Who studied the development of a sea squirt embryo using a fate map? hint: he saw intrinsic yellow cell movement | Conklin 1905 | 21 | |
| 767750350 | What was the very first cell fate mapping? | tail development by Conklin; if he removed a yellow cell, no tail development | 22 | |
| 767750351 | Who used dyes to trace cell fate? | Vogt 1929 | 23 | |
| 767750352 | What is the problem with using dye to trace cell fate? | the cells will be replicating when you inject dye. With each replication the dye color will become less and less so you don't get all cells showing the dye to show their cell map; dye will fade away as cell replicates more and more; it is extrinsic not intrinsic to the genetic makeup | 24 | |
| 767750353 | What are Dnmt enzymes? | They are DNA methyltransferases that are important in modifying DNA. Dnmt3: de novo transferase Dnmt1: perpetuating methyltransferase Dnmt3 gets put on early during development then gets erased. Dnmt1 comes and methylates again at around 2 months. | 25 | |
| 767750354 | Which nucleotide gets methylated mostly? | cytosine | 26 | |
| 767750355 | Who proposed X inactivtion? | Mary Lyon 1961 | 27 | |
| 767750356 | Igf2 | growth factor Kwan associates with genetic imprinting; only paternal allele is expressed; it is unmethylated | 28 | |
| 767750357 | Dscam | An example of alternative splicing; produces over 38,000 different types of proteins via alternative splicing | 29 | |
| 767874400 | Describe the Townes and Holtfreter experiment. | 1955; basically they took out epidermal and neural tissue from an embryo, mixied it up and saw what happened; same tissue types aggregated together;they used a frog/amphibian | 30 | |
| 768014814 | Name two things important with the "Differentil Adhesion Hypothesis". | 1)It has predictive power; we can predict that those germ cells with high affinity for each other will be located more internally and so forth 2)Thermodynamic model of cell interactions - ties the somewhat vague idea of "selective affinity" to a measurable physical force. NOT URE WHAT THIS MEANS | 31 | |
| 768014815 | What mediates cellular adhesion/movement during gastrulation? | adhesion proteins | 32 | |
| 768038205 | What is the extracellular matrix composed of? | collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin (she talks about this later) | 33 | |
| 768038206 | What is the difference between integrins and cadherins (adhesion) molecules? | integrins bind the cell to the ECM cadherins bind the cell to an adjacent cell | 34 | |
| 768038207 | what two components is the cytoskeleton composed of? | 1) Actin - maintains cell shape, provides the backbone for cell movements and muscle contractions (together with myosin) 2) Microtubules - forms the transport network in the cell (with molecular motors such as kinesin and dynein) and forms the mitotic spindle Both filaments are necessary for many cellular processes, including cell division. | 35 | |
| 768038208 | What connects cadherins to actin in the cytoplasm? | catenin (needs to be phosphorylated). *cadherins are associated with calcium since they have calcium binding sites | 36 | |
| 768038209 | KNOW: cadherin and actin pretty much work close together | The cytoskeleton can form extended networks in tissues through coupling with to cadherins | 37 | |
| 768535626 | What protein is involved in drosophila invagination? | twist-a ventral specific gene | 38 | |
| 768535627 | what is the other name for b catenin? | armadillo | 39 | |
| 769237288 | without armadillo what happens during gasturlation of drosophila? | no ventral formation/invagination; holes everywhere | 40 | |
| 769237289 | morphogen factors | expressed only in certain ends where they are not found or at least not in the same concentration in the other end; proteins | 41 | |
| 769237290 | Who did the "ablation experiment"? | Wilhem Roux 1888; cells determined at two cell stage which is why only half the embryo formed | 42 | |
| 769237291 | Describe Driesch's experiement. | he basically took an embryo at the 4 cell stage, split up each blastomere and saw how each grew. Each grew abnormal from the normal embryo; this was in contrast to Roux's experiement because if Roux was correct, only a quarter of the embryo would have formed | 43 | |
| 769237292 | Who basically repeated Roux's experiment? What did he do differently? | Thomas Hunt Morgan. Instead of killing half the cell, he separated it. he obtained same results as Driesch. This tells us that the dead cells had influence(limiting its potential) on the live cells in Roux's experiement | 44 | |
| 769237293 | What is conditional specification? | Where cells achieve their fates by interaction with other nearby cells (not by genetic means); Roux's experiment showed conditional specification because the dead cells had influence over the live half embryo causing it to form a half embryo instead of a whole like in Driesch and Morgan's experiments. | 45 | |
| 769237294 | Cells that are able to develop at their proper location is called? | Competence; so if you get induction at the wrong location, the cell will not grow | 46 | |
| 769237295 | What is the difference between instructive and permissive interaction/competence? | Instructive is a direct signal that causes a cell to differentiate; it initiates new gene expression. Permissive means that a cell that already has been differentiated just needs a proper environment that allows expression of that trait. So geneitically it was there but needed a push. | 47 | |
| 769237296 | Can inductive signals cross species border? | Yes, example is drosophila that is mutant for Dpp receiving Dpp from human Donor. Normal development. | 48 | |
| 769237297 | what is the difference between specific commitment and determinate commitment? | Specific can be reversed, while determined cells cannot be changed to another type of cell. | 49 | |
| 769237298 | Who reprogrammed adult cells to stem cells? | Gurdon and Yaminaka | 50 | |
| 769237299 | What is the problem with Embryonic stem cells | tumorigenic, lack of proper epigenetics (our cells have had many years of DNA modulation through means such as methylation while an ESC is only a few days old), ethical issues in obtaining it; immunorejection | 51 | |
| 769237300 | What are the major families of signaling pathways? These are the morphogenic factors in mom. | Paracrine: FGF (fibroblast growth factor), Hedgehog, Wnt, TGF/Nodal,BMP Juxtacrine:Notch | 52 | |
| 769237301 | What two proteins give the sperm motiliy? | microtubules and dynein | 53 | |
| 769237302 | How does resact work? | It allows calcium to come in for sea urchin sperm to locate egg | 54 | |
| 769237303 | The less sodium you have during fast block in sea urchins, what happens? | more likely to achieve polyspermy | 55 | |
| 769237304 | what ultimately causes calcium to be released form ER? | IP3 in whole animal kingdom | 56 | |
| 769237305 | What is the reason for making the egg more alkaline by pumping H out during fertilization? | To stimulate cell division, DNA synthesis, RNA translation and ultimately egg activation | 57 | |
| 769237306 | Describe phospholipase c pathway | sperm contact-->g protein activation-->Src activation-->Phospolipase C (PLC) cleaves pip2 to IP3 and DAG. DAG activates Na/H pump (H goes out). IP3 causes cell to make more Ca. More H leaving means cell gets more alkaline which stimulates DNA synthesis and so forth | 58 | |
| 769237307 | Is motility a major factor in sperm translocation to egg? | no | 59 | |
| 769237308 | What is a blastula that lacks a blastocoel called? | Stereoblastula | 60 | |
| 769237309 | Cleavage of tunicate? | Holoblastic; bilateral | 61 | |
| 769237310 | Cleavage of mammals? What are they similar to? | Holoblastic; rotational; nematodes ie c elegans | 62 | |
| 769237311 | Amphibian cleavage? | Holoblastic; mesolecithal; moderate yolk disposition | 63 | |
| 769237312 | What is incomplete cleavage? | meroblastic | 64 | |
| 769237313 | What is centrolecithal cleavage? | Yolk in the center of the egg; superficial cleavage | 65 | |
| 769237314 | What is the role of Nodal? | Gives rise to oral ectoderm in sea urchan | 66 | |
| 769237315 | During gastrulation where to mesenchyme cells migrate to? | basal lamina; everything else (micromere and gastrula) hyaline layer | 67 | |
| 769506555 | Name the factors involved in posterior development of mammal embryo | Wnt3a, retinoic acid, fgf8 (induces tail of mice) posterior gives rise to primitive streak anterior contains wnt and bmp agonists wnt, ra, fgf are integrated by the Cdx family that regulate activity of hox genes | 68 | |
| 769506556 | What is the result of no chordin or noggin in mammal embryo? | No chordin=no ear no chordin and no noggin=lack of bilateral symmetry | 69 | |
| 769506557 | What is an example of conservation of molecular development? | Hox genes | 70 | |
| 769506558 | what does the cortical rotation provide in a froge? | polarity, grey crescent | 71 | |
| 769506559 | function of blastocoel in amphibian? | promote cell migration during gastrulation, prevents cells beneath it from interacting with cells above, | 72 | |
| 769506560 | waht binds actin and myosin preventing or encouraging cell migration in frog? | calponin | 73 | |
| 769506561 | IMZ | involuting marginal zone | 74 | |
| 769506562 | noggins and BMP4 role in frog polarity | Noggins (nanos in fly is posterior) promotes dorsal development; BMP4 promotes anterior development (ventrolateral) Wnt, GBP, and Dsh work in concert wtih Noggin (think of noggin analogous to caudal) to make dorsal organs; noggin makes more b catenin | 75 | |
| 769506563 | In the sea urchin if b catenin is located in the nucleus which germ layer does it become? Cytoplasm? | Nucelus: endo and mesoderm Cyto: ectoderm | 76 | |
| 769605657 | macho1 | morphogenic factor of tunicate; makes mesoderm | 77 | |
| 769605658 | What does b catenin form in tunicate | endoderm | 78 |
