Myers' Psychology for AP*
Terms : Hide Images
| 680548125 | longitudinal | involving an examination or study over a long period of time | |
| 680548126 | cross-sectional | different age groups are tested at the same time | |
| 680548127 | sex | a general term used to mean both gender and sexual intercourse | |
| 680548128 | gender | the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male | |
| 680548129 | gender roles | expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex | |
| 680548130 | zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo | |
| 680548131 | embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month | |
| 680548132 | fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. | |
| 680548133 | teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | |
| 680548134 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking | |
| 680548135 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner | |
| 680548136 | motor development | the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities | |
| 680548137 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | |
| 680548138 | schemas | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | |
| 680548139 | assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas | |
| 680548140 | accommodation | the adjustment of one's schemas to include newly observed events and experiences | |
| 680548141 | temperament | an individual's characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity | |
| 680548142 | attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation | |
| 680548143 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age | |
| 680548144 | secure attachment | a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver | |
| 680548145 | insecure attachment | a parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion | |
| 680548146 | imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life | |
| 680548147 | critical period | a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned | |
| 680548148 | parenting styles | authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative | |
| 680548149 | authoritarian | requiring strict obedience to an authority, such as a dictator | |
| 680548150 | permissive | describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child | |
| 680548151 | authoritative | a leadership or parenting style based on recognized authority or knowledge and characterized by mutual respect | |
| 680548152 | self concept | our understanding and evaluation of who we are | |
| 680548153 | Mary Ainsworth | studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model; label infants "secure", "insecure" in attachment | |
| 680548154 | Harry Harlow | psychologist who researched the relationship of body contact and nourishment to attachment, using infant monkeys and artificial mothers | |
| 680548155 | Konrad Lorenz | researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting | |
| 680548156 | puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing | |
| 680548157 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | |
| 680548158 | secondary sex characteristics | non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | |
| 680548159 | sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) | |
| 680548160 | identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles | |
| 680548161 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood | |
| 680548162 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement | |
| 680548163 | menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines | |
| 680548164 | fluid intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood | |
| 680548165 | crystallized intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age | |
| 680548166 | age and memory | attention span improving, recall and scripted memory improving, simple addition and subtraction | |
| 680548167 | Erik Erikson | neo-Freudia and humanist who created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span; each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | |
| 680548168 | trust v. mistrust | (0-1 year) infancy; if needs are dependably met, infants develop basic trust | |
| 680548169 | identity v. role confusion | (12-18 years) adolescents must make the transition to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity; otherwise, role confusion can result | |
| 680548170 | intimacy v. isolation | (20-30 years) the task is to develop healthy intimate relationships, but maintain appropriate independence | |
| 680548171 | Lev Vygotsky | investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research | |
| 680548172 | Theory of Mind | an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own | |
| 680548173 | Jean Piaget | swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children | |
| 680548174 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (0-2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | |
| 680548175 | object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived | |
| 680548176 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (2-7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic | |
| 680548177 | conservation | the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects | |
| 680548178 | egocentrism | the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers | |
| 680548179 | concrete operational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events | |
| 680548180 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (11+) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | |
| 680548181 | Lawrence Kohlberg | created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior | |
| 680548182 | preconventional morality | first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior | |
| 680548183 | conventional morality | second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior | |
| 680548184 | postconventional morality | third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms |
