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| 5501876279 | gastroenterology | What is the branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines? | 0 | |
| 5501876281 | "to prepare food for cellular utilization" | What is the primary function of the digestive system? | 1 | |
| 5501876282 | digestive organs & accessory digestive organs | What are the two categories of organs that make up the digestive system? | 2 | |
| 5501876283 | gastrointestinal (GI) tract | The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine make up what portion of the digestive system? | 3 | |
| 5501876284 | accessory digestive organs | The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up what portion of the digestive system? | 4 | |
| 5501876285 | ingestion, digestion, peristalsis, secretion, absorption, elimination | List the six main functions of the digestive system. | 5 | |
| 5501876286 | ingestion | What function of the digestive system involves the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity? | 6 | |
| 5501876288 | "digestion" | What function of the digestive system involves the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules? | 7 | |
| 5501876289 | mechanical digestion | What aspect of digestion involves the break down of ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material? | 8 | |
| 5501876290 | chemical digestion | What aspect of digestion involves the break down of molecules into their component parts? | 9 | |
| 5501876291 | mastication | What is the medical term for chewing? | 10 | |
| 5501876292 | peristalsis | What is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract? |  | 11 |
| 5501876293 | segmentation | What is the churning and mixing of movement that occurs in the small intestine? | 12 | |
| 5501876294 | secretion | What is the process of producing and releasing fluid products, such as acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucin? | 13 | |
| 5501876296 | "absorption" | What is the passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels? | 14 | |
| 5501876297 | feces | What are all the undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract and discharged through the anus? | 15 | |
| 5501876298 | defecation | What is the process of elimination by the digestive system? | 16 | |
| 5501876299 | oral cavity | What is the anatomical term for the mouth? | 17 | |
| 5501876300 | nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium | What type of tissue lines the oral cavity? | 18 | |
| 5501876302 | "buccinator" | What muscle lies within the cheek? |  | 19 |
| 5501876303 | lips | What are the anterior terminations of the cheeks? | 20 | |
| 5501876304 | gingivae | What is the anatomical term for the gums? | 21 | |
| 5501876306 | "labial frenulum" | What thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums? | 22 | |
| 5501876307 | palate | What forms the roof of the mouth? |  | 23 |
| 5501876308 | hard palate & soft palate | What are the two portions of the palate? | 24 | |
| 5501876309 | maxilla & palatine | What bones form the hard palate? | 25 | |
| 5501876310 | uvula | What is the conical, median projection of the soft palate? |  | 26 |
| 5501876312 | "tongue" | What accessory organ of the digestive system lies on the floor of the oral cavity and is composed largely of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium? | 27 | |
| 5501876313 | lingual frenulum | What thin, vertical mucous membrane attaches the floor of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity? |  | 28 |
| 5501876314 | 3 | How many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there? | 29 | |
| 5501876315 | parotid salivary glands | What salivary glands are located anterior and inferior to the ear and partially cover the masseter? |  | 30 |
| 5501876316 | parotid duct | What structure drains the largest salivary glands? |  | 31 |
| 5501876317 | lateral to the second upper molar | Where does the parotid gland enter the oral cavity? | 32 | |
| 5501876318 | submandibular salivary glands | What salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible? |  | 33 |
| 5501876319 | submandibular ducts | What structure drains the salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible? | 34 | |
| 5501876320 | on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum | Where do the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity? | 35 | |
| 5501876321 | sublingual salivary glands | What salivary glands are named for their position inferior to the tongue? |  | 36 |
| 5501876322 | crown | What part of a tooth is exposed and covered with enamel? | 37 | |
| 5501876323 | neck | What part of a tooth lies within the gums? | 38 | |
| 5501876324 | root | What part of a tooth lies within the bone of the jaw? | 39 | |
| 5501876325 | dental alveoli | What are the sockets that hold the roots of the teeth? | 40 | |
| 5501876326 | alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible | What processes of what bones hold the teeth? | 41 | |
| 5501876327 | dentin | What forms the primary mass of a tooth? | 42 | |
| 5501876328 | enamel | What material covers the crown of a tooth? | 43 | |
| 5501876329 | pulp cavity | What is the space that lies within the center of a tooth? | 44 | |
| 5501876330 | pulp | What fills the space within a tooth? | 45 | |
| 5501876331 | root canal | What passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity? | 46 | |
| 5501876332 | apical foramen | What is the opening between the root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue? | 47 | |
| 5501876333 | mesial surface | What surface of a tooth is closest to the tooth anterior to it or is closest to the midline? |  | 48 |
| 5501876334 | distal surface | What surface of a tooth is closest to the tooth posterior to it or is farthest from the midline? | 49 | |
| 5501876335 | buccal surface | What surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the cheek? |  | 50 |
| 5501876336 | labial surface | What surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the lip? |  | 51 |
| 5501876337 | lingual surface | What surface of a tooth faces the tongue? |  | 52 |
| 5501876338 | occlusal surface | What surface of a tooth is where the teeth from the opposing superior or inferior arch meet? |  | 53 |
| 5501876339 | deciduous teeth | What set of teeth erupt between 6 months and 30 months after birth and are eventually lost? | 54 | |
| 5501876340 | permanent teeth | What set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of age and remain through the lifetime of the individual? | 55 | |
| 5501876341 | 20 | How many deciduous teeth are there? | 56 | |
| 5501876342 | 32 | How many permanent teeth are there? | 57 | |
| 5501876344 | "incisors" | What chisel-shaped teeth have only one root? |  | 58 |
| 5501876345 | canine teeth | What teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing? |  | 59 |
| 5501876346 | premolars | What teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots? |  | 60 |
| 5501876347 | molars | What teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots? |  | 61 |
| 5501876349 | "Dental formula for deciduous teeth: I2/2, C1/1, DM2/2 = 10 x 2 = 20 (I = incisor; C = canine; P = premolar; DM = deciduous molar; M = molar)" | Give the dental formula for deciduous teeth. | 62 | |
| 5501876351 | "Dental formula for permanent teeth: I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 16 x 2 = 32 (I = incisor; C = canine; P = premolar; DM = deciduous molar; M = molar)" | Give the dental formula for permanent teeth. | 63 | |
| 5501876352 | In adults the right, third, upper molar is number one. The right, second, upper molar is number two. The numbering continues anteriorly to the incisors, then posteriorly to the left, third, upper molar which is number 16. The left, third, lower molar is number 17. The numbers progress around the lower jaw to the right, third, lower molar which is number 32. | How are teeth numbered in an adult? | 64 | |
| 5501876354 | "pharyngeal constrictors" | What three pairs of skeletal muscles form the wall of the pharynx and take part in swallowing? | 65 | |
| 5501876355 | serous membrane | What type of membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity? | 66 | |
| 5501876356 | parietal peritoneum | What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the wall? | 67 | |
| 5501876357 | visceral peritoneum | What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the surface of the internal organs? | 68 | |
| 5501876358 | peritoneal cavity | What is the potential space between the layers of the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity? | 69 | |
| 5501876359 | intraperitoneal organs | What term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum? |  | 70 |
| 5501876360 | retroperitoneal organs | What term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie against the posterior abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritoneum? |  | 71 |
| 5501876361 | mesenteries | What are the double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs? | 72 | |
| 5501876362 | greater omentum | What extension of the peritoneum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach, covers most of the abdominal organs, and is attached to the transverse colon? |  | 73 |
| 5501876363 | lesser omentum | What extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver? |  | 74 |
| 5501876364 | mesentery proper | What fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall? |  | 75 |
| 5501876365 | mesocolon | What fold of peritoneum attaches parts of the large intestine to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall? |  | 76 |
| 5501876366 | peritoneal ligament | What type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ or attaches an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall? | 77 | |
| 5501876367 | falciform ligament | What fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall? |  | 78 |
| 5501876368 | mucosa | What layer of tissue lines the lumen of the GI tract? | 79 | |
| 5501876369 | submucosa | What layer of the GI tract is highly vascular, holds mucin-secreting glands, and houses an extensive nerve plexus? | 80 | |
| 5501876370 | muscularis | What layer of the GI tract typically contains two layers of muscle? | 81 | |
| 5501876371 | adventitia or serosa | The outer most tunic of the GI tract may be either of what two structures? | 82 | |
| 5501876372 | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery | The branches of what three arteries supply the abdominal GI tract? | 83 | |
| 5501876373 | lacteal | In the small intestine, each villus usually contains a single blind-ended central lymphatic capillary. What is the anatomical term for this lymphatic capillary? | 84 | |
| 5501876374 | celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus | List the three autonomic plexuses associated with the GI tract. |  | 85 |
| 5501876375 | esophagus | What is the tubular organ extending from the pharynx to the stomach? | 86 | |
| 5501876376 | esophageal hiatus | The esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm? |  | 87 |
| 5501876377 | vertebral bodies | The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures? | 88 | |
| 5501876378 | superior esophageal sphincter & inferior esophageal sphincter | What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus? | 89 | |
| 5501876379 | J-shaped | What is the shape of the stomach? | 90 | |
| 5501876380 | left upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the diaphragm | Where is the stomach located? | 91 | |
| 5501876381 | cardia | What region of the stomach is attached to the esophagus? |  | 92 |
| 5501876382 | fundus | What is the dome-shaped region of the stomach? |  | 93 |
| 5501876383 | body | What is the largest region of the stomach? | 94 | |
| 5501876384 | pylorus | What region of the stomach is funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum? |  | 95 |
| 5501876385 | pyloric sphincter | What circular muscle of the stomach regulates the material entering the small intestine? |  | 96 |
| 5501876386 | greater curvature | What is the inferior convex border of the stomach? |  | 97 |
| 5501876387 | lesser curvature | What is the superior concave border of the stomach? |  | 98 |
| 5501876388 | gastric folds (gastric rugae) | What are the internal folds of the stomach? | 99 | |
| 5501876389 | small bowel | What is another term for the small intestine? | 100 | |
| 5501876390 | duodenum | What is the first segment of the small intestine? |  | 101 |
| 5501876391 | major duodenal papilla | Bile and pancreatic juice enter the small intestine through what structure? |  | 102 |
| 5501876392 | jejunum | What is the second segment of the small intestine? |  | 103 |
| 5501876393 | ileum | What is the third segment of the small intestine? |  | 104 |
| 5501876394 | ileocecal valve | What circular muscle controls the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine? |  | 105 |
| 5501876395 | large bowel | What is a synonym for the large intestine? | 106 | |
| 5501876396 | cecum | What is the first region of the large intestine? |  | 107 |
| 5501876397 | right lower quadrant | Where is the first region of the large intestine located? | 108 | |
| 5501876398 | vermiform appendix | What thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large intestine? |  | 109 |
| 5501876399 | ascending colon | What segment of the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve superiorly along the right lateral border of the abdominal cavity? |  | 110 |
| 5501876400 | hepatic flexure (right colic flexure) | What bend in the colon occurs near the inferior surface of the liver? |  | 111 |
| 5501876401 | transverse colon | What segment of the large intestine projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity? |  | 112 |
| 5501876402 | splenic flexure (left colic flexure) | What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen? |  | 113 |
| 5501876403 | descending colon | What segment of the large intestine lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity? |  | 114 |
| 5501876404 | sigmoid colon | What segment of the large intestine is S-shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity? |  | 115 |
| 5501876405 | rectum | What segment of the large intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall of the true pelvis? | 116 | |
| 5501876406 | anal canal | What is the terminal section of the large intestine? | 117 | |
| 5501876407 | internal and external anal sphincters | What two circular muscles regulate the passage of feces from the anal canal? | 118 | |
| 5501876408 | anus | What is the posterior opening of the alimentary canal? | 119 | |
| 5501876409 | teniae coli | What are the three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the large intestine? |  | 120 |
| 5501876410 | sacculations (haustra) | What are the many pouches that the large intestine is divided into? |  | 121 |
| 5501876411 | epiploic appendages (omental appendages) | What are the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of the large intestine? |  | 122 |
| 5501876412 | right upper quadrant immediately inferior to the diaphragm | Where is the liver located? | 123 | |
| 5501876413 | 4 | How many lobes make up the liver? | 124 | |
| 5501876414 | right lobe & left lobe | What are the two major lobes of the liver? | 125 | |
| 5501876415 | falciform ligament | What separates the two major lobes of the liver? | | 126 |
| 5501876416 | round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) | What remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is associated with the liver? |  | 127 |
| 5501876417 | caudate lobe & quadrate lobe | What are the two minor lobes of the liver? | 128 | |
| 5501876418 | caudate lobe | What lobe of the liver lies adjacent to the inferior vena cava? |  | 129 |
| 5501876419 | quadrate lobe | What lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder? |  | 130 |
| 5501876420 | porta hepatis | What is the area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver? |  | 131 |
| 5501876421 | gallbladder | What saclike organ is attached to the inferior surface of the liver? | 132 | |
| 5501876422 | cystic duct | What structure fills and drains the gallbladder? |  | 133 |
| 5501876423 | pancreas | What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen? |  | 134 |
| 5501876424 | head | What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum? | 135 | |
| 5501876425 | body | What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall? | 136 | |
| 5501876426 | tail | What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen? | 137 | |
| 5501876427 | pancreatic duct | What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum? |  | 138 |
| 5501876428 | biliary apparatus | What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum? | 139 | |
| 5501876429 | left and right hepatic ducts | What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver? | 140 | |
| 5501876430 | common hepatic duct | Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure? | 141 | |
| 5501876431 | cystic duct | What structure carries bile to and from the gallbladder? | | 142 |
| 5501876432 | common bile duct | The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure? |  | 143 |
| 5501876433 | hepatopancreatic ampulla | What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge? | 144 | |
| 5501876434 | major duodenal papilla | Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure? | 145 |
