Pretty much everything related to DNA because I procrastinated in making this set. Whoops....
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| 1850880938 | Nucleic acids | in all living cells, stores and transmits genetic information, 2 types | 0 | |
| 1850880939 | DNA | controls how you act and look, provides info for the cell | 1 | |
| 1850880940 | RNA | makes proteins, transports info through the nuclear pores | 2 | |
| 1850880941 | DNA Nucleotides | Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, one nitrogenous base | 3 | |
| 1850880942 | RNA Nucleotides | Ribose sugar, phosphate group, one nitrogenous base | 4 | |
| 1850880943 | nitrogenous bases held together by | hydrogen bonds | 5 | |
| 1850880944 | strand held together by | covalent bonds | 6 | |
| 1850880945 | DNA bases | Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine | 7 | |
| 1850880946 | RNA bases | Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine | 8 | |
| 1850880947 | (DNA) A- | T | 9 | |
| 1850880948 | G- | C | 10 | |
| 1850880949 | (RNA) A- | U | 11 | |
| 1850880950 | Purines | adenine and guanine, two rings each | 12 | |
| 1850880951 | Pyrimidines | cytosine, uracil, and thymine, one ring each | 13 | |
| 1850880952 | Replication | process during which DNA is duplicated | 14 | |
| 1850880953 | Replication steps | 1. Helicase unwinds DNA 2. DNA polymerase brings matching bases and proofreads DNA 3. Ligase finishes strands | 15 | |
| 1850880954 | Production or transcription | process during which RNA is created, happens inside nucleus | 16 | |
| 1850880955 | 3 types of RNA | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA | 17 | |
| 1850880956 | mRNA function | takes genetic code for protein production from DNA to ribosome | 18 | |
| 1850880957 | tRNA function | carries amino acids to the ribosome | 19 | |
| 1850880958 | rRNA | with protein it composes ribosome | 20 | |
| 1850880959 | Replication must occur before | mitosis | 21 | |
| 1850880960 | Protein synthesis | process of decoding DNA and making a protein | 22 | |
| 1850880961 | gene | coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins, sequence of amino acids determines your traits | 23 | |
| 1850880962 | Transcription | RNA polymerase copies the sequence of nucleotides in DNA to make mRNA, happens inside of nucleus | 24 | |
| 1850880963 | Transcription steps | RNA polymerase separates DNA reads DNA creates mRNA | 25 | |
| 1850880964 | Translation | process of decoding mRNA into amino acids, happens inside ribosomes | 26 | |
| 1850880965 | Translation steps | mRNA moves from nucleus to ribosome mRNA attaches to rRNA tRNA carrying amino acid attaches to mRNA tRNA and mRNA attach, forms protein | 27 | |
| 1850880966 | codon | 3 nucleotide/base code for amino acid on mRNA | 28 | |
| 1850880967 | anti-codon | 3 nucleotide/base code for amino acid on tRNA | 29 | |
| 1850880968 | Gene expression | process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function | 30 | |
| 1850880969 | Gene regulation | the regulation of genes allows cells to better respond to stimuli a nd conserve energy/materials | 31 | |
| 1850880970 | Prokaryotic cells turn genes on/off by controlling | transcription | 32 | |
| 1850880971 | transcription and translation happen at the same | time in prokaryotes | 33 | |
| 1850880972 | gene expression mainly regulated at the | start of transcription | 34 | |
| 1850880973 | Start of transcription | controlled by promoters and operators. | 35 | |
| 1850880974 | promoter | DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed, helps RNA pol find where gene starts | 36 | |
| 1850880975 | operator | DNA segment that turns a gene on/off If it says "yes", cell makes mRNA. if it says "no", then nothing happens Acts as a stoplight saying when the cell can "go" and make mRNA | 37 | |
| 1850880976 | operon | promoter, operator, all genes for proteins needed to do task | 38 | |
| 1850880977 | Lac Operon | contains 3 genes coding for enzymes used to break down lactose, genes transcribed on one mRNA, acts as one unit. | 39 | |
| 1850880978 | When lactose is absent | lac operon switched off to prevent transcription and save cell's resources | 40 | |
| 1850880979 | repressor | binds to operator, preventing RNA pol from transcribing gene | 41 | |
| 1850880980 | When lactose is present | lac operon switched on to allow transcription | 42 | |
| 1850880981 | lactose binds to repressor protein | changes its shape, causes repressor to fall off operator, then RNA pol binda and transcribes genes | 43 | |
| 1850880982 | Transcription factors | recognize regulatory DNA strands, bind to DNA strand, help RNA pol know where gene starts | 44 | |
| 1850880983 | TATA box | seven nucleotide promoter, in most eukaryotes, (TATAAAA) | 45 | |
| 1850880984 | Enhancers | sequences that speed up transcription | 46 | |
| 1850880985 | silencers | slow transcription | 47 | |
| 1850880986 | genes can control... | the regulation of other genes | 48 | |
| 1850880987 | mRNA processing | before leaving nucleus, introns are cut out and exons bound together | 49 | |
| 1850880988 | exons | nucleotide segments coding for parts of protein | 50 | |
| 1850880989 | introns | noncoding regions of DNA, unneeded, acts as buffer, can increase genetic diversity without increasing DNA strand size when mRNA strands are cut at different points | 51 | |
| 1850880990 | cap | added to mRNA so ribosome knows where to bind and prevent the immediate breakdown of DNA | 52 | |
| 1850880991 | tail | added to help mRNA exit nucleus | 53 | |
| 1850880992 | Cell differentiation | process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells, caused by gene expression | 54 | |
| 1850880993 | Internal factors | inside of the cell, like unevenly distributed materials in the egg cell | 55 | |
| 1850880994 | external factors | outside of cell, temperature, drugs, chemicals, light | 56 | |
| 1850880995 | Gene mutation | Change in DNA sequence=change in proteins increase gene variation can be good or bad | 57 | |
| 1850880996 | mutagens | something outside the body that causes mutations | 58 | |
| 1850880997 | Frameshift mutations | adding or deleting nucleotides affects EVERY AMINO ACID FOLLOWING the mutation deletion, insertion, translocation, duplication | 59 | |
| 1850880998 | Deletion | frameshift, deletes nucleotide in base sequence | 60 | |
| 1850880999 | Insertion | frameshift, adding a nucleotide into DNA strand | 61 | |
| 1850881000 | Translocation | frameshift insertion, taking section of DNA from another part | 62 | |
| 1850881001 | Duplication | frameshift insertion, duplicating a nucleotide in the base sequence | 63 | |
| 1850881002 | Point mutations | changes in 1 or a few nucleotides affects ONLY the amino acid at the mutation, all other amino acids remain the same substitution and inversion | 64 | |
| 1850881003 | substitution | point, substitute a nucleotide for another | 65 | |
| 1850881004 | Inversion | point, inserting or flipping a section of nucleotides | 66 | |
| 1850881005 | Silent mutations | mutation still codes for the same amino acid as the original strand EG CUG= leu CUA= leu | 67 | |
| 1850881006 | Nonsense | results in stop codon, causes shortened protein | 68 | |
| 1850881007 | missense | one or more amino acids changed, may cause malfunctioning problem | 69 | |
| 1850881008 | Can a strand of DNA have more than one mutation? | YES | 70 |
