Covers DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis terms meant to prepare for a practical lab exam.
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| 445666775 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | |
| 445666776 | bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria | |
| 445666777 | nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | |
| 445666778 | purine | double-ring nitrogenous base, found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine | |
| 445666779 | pyrimidine | a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil | |
| 445666780 | Rosalind Franklin | Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA | |
| 445666781 | Chargaff's Rule | [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing. | |
| 445666782 | Watson & Crick | nobel prize winners for correctly describing the structure of DNA as a double helix | |
| 445666783 | base pairing | principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine | |
| 445666784 | chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins | |
| 445666785 | histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | |
| 445666786 | replication | copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA | |
| 445666787 | mRNA | type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | |
| 445666788 | rRNA | type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome | |
| 445666789 | tRNA | type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome | |
| 445666790 | transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA | |
| 445666791 | RNA Polymerase | an enzyme that hooks together the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template | |
| 445666792 | DNA Polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule | |
| 445666793 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | |
| 445666794 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | |
| 445666795 | translation | the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific amino acid | |
| 445666796 | mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | |
| 445666797 | point mutation | a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed | |
| 445666798 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | |
| 445666799 | DNA Helicase | an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication | |
| 445666800 | Helicase | an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands | |
| 445666801 | Single-Strand Binding Protein | after helicase separates the 2 parental strands, molecules of this then bind to the unpaired DNA strands, stabilizing them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands | |
| 445666802 | DNA Polymerase | elongation of new DNA at a replication fork is catalyzed by an enzyme called ______ _________ | |
| 445666803 | DNA Ligase | an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments | |
| 445666804 | Primase | This enzyme can start an RNA chain from scratch. It removies single-strand binding proteins from the DNA template and joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time, making a primer complementary to the template strand | |
| 445666805 | Topoisomerase | A protein that helps relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork by breaking, twisting, and rejoining the strand. | |
| 445666806 | Adenine | Nitrogen base that pairs with thymine | |
| 445666807 | Thymine | A Nitrogen base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine | |
| 445666808 | Guanine | A Purine base found in DNA and RNA | |
| 445666809 | Cytosine | The Purine base that pairs with Guanine with DNA | |
| 445666810 | Bacteriophage | Viruses that infect bacteria | |
| 445666811 | Cloning | Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism | |
| 445666812 | Deoxyribonucleic Acid | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. DNA | |
| 445666813 | DNA Ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. | |
| 445666814 | DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain. | |
| 445666815 | DNA Repair | The removal and replacement of damaged DNA by the correct sequence | |
| 445666816 | DNA Replication | the process of making a copy of DNA | |
| 445666817 | Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | |
| 445666818 | X-Ray Diffraction Image | Film image of x-rays scattered by a crystalline sample the resulting pattern of streaks and dots can be used to calculate the spacing between the atoms in the crystal lattice. | |
| 445666819 | Base Sequence | The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA. | |
| 445666820 | Alkylating Agent | Agent that prevents DNA replication | |
| 445666821 | Anticodon | Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | |
| 445666822 | Base-Pair Substitution | A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides. | |
| 445666823 | Codon | A three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal | |
| 445666824 | Deletion and Insertion of Base | Creates frame shift mutation | |
| 445666825 | Exon | Piece of DNA that codes for protiens and is exported from the nucleus. | |
| 445666826 | Frameshift Mutations | Extra base inserted into gene region. Insertion shifts the reading of the frame by one base, which DNA polymerases read nucleotide sequences in blocks of 3 | |
| 445666827 | Gene Mutation | A change in the sequence of the bases in a gene, which changes the structure of the polypeptide that the gene codes for. | |
| 445666828 | Genetic Code | The ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells | |
| 445666829 | Intron | Piece of DNA that doesn't code for protiens, and it stays in the nucleus. | |
| 445666830 | Ionizing Radiation | Enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, (gamma-Xrays-UV) | |
| 445666831 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | |
| 445666832 | Mutation Rate | Probability of spontaneous mutating | |
| 445666833 | Nonionizing Radiation | Excites electrons and causes them to make new covalent bonds, which affects the 3-D structure of Proteins and Nucleic acids | |
| 445666834 | Promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA | |
| 445666835 | Ribonucleic Acid | (RNA) single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose | |
| 445666836 | RNA Polymerase | Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | |
| 445666837 | rRNA | Ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome | |
| 445666838 | Transcription | Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA | |
| 445666839 | Translation | The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm | |
| 445666840 | Transposons | (jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material | |
| 445666841 | tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell | |
| 445666842 | Uracil | Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA. Replacement of Thymine | |
| 445666843 | The nucleic acids DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for | Proteins | |
| 445666844 | DNA nucleotides include the five-carbon sugar known as | Deoxyribose | |
| 445666845 | A molecule containing a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases A, T, G, or C is known as a | nucleotide | |
| 445666846 | RNA nucleotides include the five-carbon sugar known as | Ribose | |
| 445666847 | RNA has three of the DNA nitrogenous bases, but it also has | Uracil | |
| 445666848 | In DNA ____ always pairs with _____, and ____always pairs with _____. | A with T & G with C | |
| 445666849 | In RNA A always pairs with____. | U | |
| 445666850 | __________ bonds hold the double helix together | hydrogen bonds | |
| 445666851 | Adenine and Thymine have __________ hydrogen bonds connecting them. | two | |
| 445666852 | Guanine and Cytosine have ________ hydrogen bonds connecting them. | three | |
| 445666853 | . _________ are specific stretches of DNA that program amino acid sequences of proteins. | DNA | |
| 445666854 | ________ consists of a double strand of polynucleotides | mRNA | |
| 445666855 | . _________ consists of single strand of polynucleotides. | RNA | |
| 445666856 | . ___________, a single strand of polynucleotides that is a complimentary copy of a single strand of DNA, leaves the nucleus through a pore in the nuclear membrane and attaches to a ___________ in the cytoplasm where it is used to build ____________, which link together to form proteins. | mRNA Ribosome Amino Acids | |
| 445666857 | . The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as _____________. | Transcription | |
| 445666858 | The decoding of RNA language into protein language or the information carried by mRNA (messenger RNA) into proteins is known as ____________. | Translation | |
| 445666859 | .________________ are based on the nitrogenous bases of the mRNA, which carry the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. | Triplet Codons | |
| 445666860 | . ___________ carries the anticodons at one end to the ribosome where it bonds to the triplet codons. At the other end of the tRNA is the amino acid based on the triplet codon it corresponds with. | tRNA | |
| 445666861 | . __________ is the start triplet codon. | AUG | |
| 445666862 | Its anticodon is __________. | UAC | |
| 445666863 | . Stop codons are: ______,__________,_________ | UAA, UAG, UGA | |
| 445666864 | A, C, T, and G are ______________. | nitrogenous bases | |
| 445666865 | . During replication, DNA unzips and each original parent strand pairs up with a copy. The parent strand and the copy form a ____________________. | daughter strand | |
| 445666866 | When amino acids bond forming the primary structure of a protein (like a beaded necklace), the process is known as ________________________. | Protein Synthesis | |
| 445666867 | The bonds that bind amino acids together to form proteins are known as _________________. | Peptide bonds | |
| 445666868 | nucleotide | repeating subunits of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) | |
| 445666869 | deoxyribose | the sugar found in DNA | |
| 445666870 | DNA | molecule that carries the genetic information for all life | |
| 445666871 | RNA | nucleic acid that transmits the message from DNA to ribosomes for the making of proteins | |
| 445666872 | ribose | the sugar found in RNA | |
| 445666873 | transcription | flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA | |
| 445666874 | translation | process in which RNA directs the making of proteins | |
| 445666875 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid for the making of proteins | |
| 445666876 | DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA | |
| 445666877 | double helix | "twisted ladder" shape of DNA | |
| 445666878 | helicase | enzyme that separates strands of DNA before DNA replication | |
| 445666879 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that creates new strands of DNA during replication | |
| 445666880 | Transcription | The process of making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. | |
| 445666881 | Translation | The process of using tRNA and mRNA to put together amino acids at the ribosome. | |
| 445666882 | mRNA | Molecule that brings the instructions to make a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome. | |
| 445666883 | tRNA | Molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. | |
| 445666884 | rRNA | Ribosomes are made of this molecule. | |
| 445666885 | Types of RNA | messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA | |
| 445666886 | Differences between RNA and DNA | RNA has ribose, RNA has uracil, RNA not a double helix | |
| 445666887 | anticodon | 3 bases on tRNA molecules that are complementary to codons | |
| 445666888 | codons | 3 bases on mRNA that code for an amino acid | |
| 445666889 | Amino acids | The monomers of proteins | |
| 445666890 | TCC | The complementary DNA strand for the DNA sequence: AGG | |
| 445666891 | AUG | The complementary RNA sequence for the DNA seqeuence: TAC | |
| 445666892 | Three | The number of nucleotides that code for each amino acid | |
| 445666893 | RNA polymerase | Enzyme that makes mRNA from DNA during transcription. | |
| 445666894 | nucleus | Where in a eukaryotic cell transcription occurs. | |
| 445666895 | Ribosome or cytoplasm | Where in the cell translation occurs. | |
| 445666896 | AUC | The anticodon for UAG. | |
| 445666897 | Purines | Term for nucleotide bases with 2 rings. | |
| 445666898 | Pyrimidines | Term for nucleotide bases with 1 ring. | |
| 445666899 | Adenine and guanine | The 2 DNA bases that are purines. | |
| 445666900 | Cytosine and thymine | The 2 DNA bases that are pyrimidines | |
| 445666901 | Adenine and Thymine | Complementary bases in DNA that have 2 hydrogen bonds between them. | |
| 445666902 | Guanine and cytosine | Complementary bases in DNA that have 3 hydrogen bonds between them. | |
| 445666903 | Hydrogen | Weak bonds between the 2 DNA strands. | |
| 445666904 | Covalent | The strong bonds between the nucleotides on one strand of DNA. | |
| 445666905 | sugar and phosphate | Make up the backbone of DNA or RNA. | |
| 445666906 | Deoxyribose | The sugar in DNA. | |
| 445666907 | Ribose | The sugar in RNA | |
| 445666908 | Helicase | Enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA helix during DNA replication | |
| 445666909 | Enzymes | Proteins that control chemical reactions in the cell. | |
| 445666910 | Hormones | Chemical messengers within organisms. Some proteins are these. | |
| 445666911 | Hemoglobin | Protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. | |
| 445666912 | Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base | 3 parts of a nucletide. | |
| 445666913 | DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that builds the complementary strand in DNA replication | |
| 445666914 | Deoxyribose | The sugar in DNA nucleotides | |
| 445666915 | Ribose | The sugar in RNA nucleotides | |
| 445666916 | Uracil | RNA base complementary to Adenine | |
| 445666917 | Before cells divide | When DNA replication occurs | |
| 445666918 | Intron | Pieces of mRNa that do not code for the protein. They stay in the nucleus | |
| 445666919 | Exon | Pieces of mRNA that do code for the protein. These are spliced together and go to the ribosome | |
| 445666920 | Substitution | Replacing one nucleotide in DNA with another. Only affects one codon | |
| 445666921 | Frameshift | Caused by an insertion or deletion in DNA. affects all codons after the point of mutation | |
| 445666922 | During DNA replication | When mutations occur | |
| 445666923 | Phosphodiester | Type of covalent bond between the 3' end of one nucleotide and the 5' end of another | |
| 445666924 | topoisomerase | ...relieves overwinding strain ahead of the replication forks by breaking, swiveling adn rejoining DNA strands | |
| 445666925 | sNRP | ...Small nucleotide ribonucleoprotein that recognize introns for splicing mRNA | |
| 445666926 | Griffith | Accidently discovered transformation by combining a heat killed virulent strain of bacteria with a live non virulent strain | |
| 445666927 | Avery | Worked off of Griffith--discovered that DNA was the transforming material by destroying DNA in once experiment and protein in another. Transformation could not happen without DNA | |
| 445666928 | Hershey and Chase | Radioactively labeled protein and DNA to see which enters cells when a virus infects a cell. Discovered it was DNA | |
| 445666929 | Meselson and Stahl | Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative | |
| 445666930 | Chargaff | Determined that the amounts of A in a DNA molecule are equal to the amounts of T and the amount of G is equal to the amount of C | |
| 445666931 | Franklin | Used x ray crystallography to determine the helical shape of DNA | |
| 445666932 | Watson and Crick | Determined the structure of the DNA molecule | |
| 445666933 | missense mutation | a point mutation where one amino acid is coded for instead of another | |
| 445666934 | nonsense mutation | a point mutation that puts a stop codon in the middle of an amino acid sequence | |
| 445666935 | silent mutation | a point mutation that results in the same amino acid being coded for | |
| 445666936 | TATA box | the promoter sequence in eukaryotes | |
| 445666937 | RNA processing | putting a 5' guanine cap and a poly A tail on the 3' end prior to the mRNA leaving the nucleus | |
| 445666938 | spliceosome | snRNPs and proteins that cut out introns from mRNA and join the adjacent exons together to make mature mRNA | |
| 445666939 | 3' carbon | carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has an OH group | |
| 445666940 | 5' carbon | carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has a phosphate group | |
| 445666941 | transcription factors | In eukaryotes, proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase to start transcription | |
| 445666942 | Okazaki fragment | DNA segments made in the lagging strand |
