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| 1992065315 | DNA | A biological molecule consisting of a phosphorus back bone connected to a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base; has complementary, anti-parallel strands which form a double-helix that are held together by hydrogen bonding between base pairs; stores genetic information; | 0 | |
| 1992238713 | Purines | Nitrogenous bases (adenine and guanine) that have two carbon rings | 1 | |
| 1992238714 | Pyramidines | Nitrogenous bases (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) that have one carbon ring | 2 | |
| 1992238715 | Anti-Parallel | The direction the complementary strands of DNA run, so that the 5' end is opposite the 3' end | 3 | |
| 1992238716 | Double-Helix | The shape that the complementary strands of DNA form | 4 | |
| 1992238717 | Nucleotide | The monomer of DNA consisting of a nitrogenous base of phosphate group bonded to a ribose sugar | 5 | |
| 1992238718 | Nucleosides | DNA nucleotide bases with three phosphate groups attached | 6 | |
| 1992238719 | Phosphodiester Bonds | The bonds formed between the hydroxide group of the sugar on one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another; runs in the 5' -> 3' direction | 7 | |
| 1992238720 | Base Pairing Rules | A:T:U (in RNA); G:C > "everything happens at grand central station" | 8 | |
| 1992238721 | Semi-Conservative Replication | The process by which DNA replicates, allowing each strand to serve as a template for a complementary daughter strand which, with the template parent strand, then becomes the new DNA strand | 9 | |
| 1992238722 | Origin of Replication | The site where DNA replication begins; prokaryotes only have one of these, but eukaryotes have many | 10 | |
| 1992238723 | Replication Bubble | The shape that forms during replication while parts of the DNA strand are fully synthesized while others have yet to be seperated | 11 | |
| 1992238724 | Replication Fork | The shape that forms during replication where the DNA is split and a majority of enzymatic activity occurs | 12 | |
| 1992238725 | Leading Strand | The complementary strand which is synthesized continuously | 13 | |
| 1992238726 | Lagging Strand | The complementary strand which is synthesized discontinuously | 14 | |
| 1992238727 | Okazaki Fragments | The short fragments of synthesized DNA that are characteristic of the lagging strand during replication | 15 | |
| 1992238728 | Helicase | A replication enzyme that helps to unwind part of the DNA helix to allow replication to occur | 16 | |
| 1992238729 | Single-Stranded Binding Proteins | Proteins that bind to the unwound DNA during replication to help stabilize it and hold it open | 17 | |
| 1992238730 | Primase | A replication enzyme that lays down a RNA primer during replication to allow for the replication of a segment of DNA by DNA Polymerase III | 18 | |
| 1992238731 | DNA Polymerase III | A replication enzyme that synthesizes the building of the complementary strand of DNA from the 5' to the 3' direction by breaking the phosphate bonds of nucleosides, thus converting them into joined nucleotides | 19 | |
| 1992238732 | DNA Polymerase I | A replication enzyme that replaces RNA primers with nucleotides and "proof-reads" the DNA to catch some mistakes made by DNA Polymerase III | 20 | |
| 1992238733 | Ligase | A replication enzyme that seals the "nicks" left in the phosphorus backbone | 21 | |
| 1992570427 | Chromosome Erosion | The gradual shortening of chromosomes due to the loss of bases at the 5' end when the RNA primer is removed | 22 | |
| 1992238734 | Telomeres | Repeating, non-coding protective sequences at the end of chromosome to prevent chromosome erosion from affecting vital genes | 23 | |
| 1992238735 | Telomerase | An enzyme that extends telomeres by replicating from the 3' to 5' direction | 24 | |
| 1992286667 | Central Dogma | The name for describing the flow of information in a cell; DNA -> RNA -> Proteins -> Traits | 25 | |
| 1992286668 | Transcription | The "translation" of DNA language to RNA language where a strand of mRNA (the coding strand) is made complementary to a strand of DNA (the template strand) | 26 | |
| 1992286669 | RNA Polymerase | A transcription enzyme that recognizes a sequence and synthesizes a specific kind of RNA from the 5' to 3' end | 27 | |
| 1992286670 | Promoter Region | A binding site before the beginning of a gene (often marked by a 'TATA' box in eukaryotes) which allows RNA polymerase and transcription factors to bind | 28 | |
| 1992286671 | Enhancer Region | A binding site far "upstream" from the gene being expressed which increases the rate of transcription | 29 | |
| 1992286672 | Initiation Complex | The condition when transcription factors bind to the promoter region which triggers the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA | 30 | |
| 1992286673 | Exons | Expressed DNA sections | 31 | |
| 1992286674 | Introns | "Junk" DNA sequences found in between expressed sections | 32 | |
| 1992286675 | mRNA Splicing | A post-transcriptional processing where introns are removed | 33 | |
| 1992286676 | Primary Transcript | The original mRNA molecule produced, composed of introns and exons | 34 | |
| 1992286677 | Mature mRNA | The mRNA molecule after mRNA splicing has occurred, composed only of exons | 35 | |
| 1992286678 | snRNPs | "Small nuclear ribonuclear proteins"; proteins that help to preform mRNA splicing | 36 | |
| 1992286679 | Spliceosome | Several snRNP that recognize sequences and "cut" the primary transcript during mRNA splicing | 37 | |
| 1992286680 | Alternative Splicing | The condition where different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same gene due to different sequences being treated as exons | 38 | |
| 1992286681 | 5' GTP Cap | A post-transcriptional processing where a guanine nucleoside is added to the 5' end of a mature mRNA transcript to protect the end of the molecule | 39 | |
| 1992286682 | Poly-A Tail | A post-transcriptional processing where multiple adenine nucleotides (20-250 pairs) are added to the 3' end of a mature mRNA transcript to protect the end of the molecule | 40 | |
| 1992286683 | Translation | The "translation" of mRNA language to amino-acid language where a strand of mRNA codes for a polypeptide | 41 | |
| 1992303531 | Codon | A division of mRNA into three base pair segments for translation into a particular amino acid | 42 | |
| 1992303532 | AUG | The start codon which begins protein replication; also codes for methionine (Met) | 43 | |
| 1992303533 | tRNA | "Transfer RNA"; RNA with a "clover leaf" structure with an anti-codon on the "clover leaf" end and an particular amino acid attached to the 3' end | 44 | |
| 1992303534 | mRNA | "Messenger RNA"; RNA that codes for the construction of proteins that is synthesized in the nucleus | 45 | |
| 1992303535 | Ribsomes | An organelle composed of proteins and rRNA that synthesizes the production of proteins; composed of a large and small sub-unit that only come together when translating an mRNA transcript | 46 | |
| 1992303536 | rRNA | "Ribosomal RNA"; RNA that helps to construct ribsomes | 47 | |
| 1992303537 | A Site | "Aminoacyl-tRNA site"; the site of a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to a polypeptide | 48 | |
| 1992303538 | P Site | "Peptidyl-tRNA site"; the site of a ribosome that holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain | 49 | |
| 1992303539 | E Site | "Exit site"; the site of a ribosome from where the empty tRNA exits the ribsome | 50 | |
| 1992303540 | Initiation | The process of translation during which mRNA, ribosomal sub-units, and an initiator tRNA are brought together | 51 | |
| 1992303541 | Elongation | The process of translation during which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide based on codon sequences | 52 | |
| 1992303542 | Termination | The process of translation during which an end codon is called for by the mRNA transcript and translation stops | 53 |
