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| 414724699 | Ancestor Worship | Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors. | 0 | |
| 414724700 | Aryans | Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. | 1 | |
| 414724701 | Assyrians | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire. | 2 | |
| 414724702 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 414724703 | Bronze | Material made from copper and tin used for weapons and agricultural tools. | 4 | |
| 414724704 | City-state | A city with its own traditions and its own government and laws; both a city and a separate independent state. | 5 | |
| 414724705 | Cuneiform | Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets. | 6 | |
| 414724706 | Gilgamesh | Ancient Sumerian king, ruled 2700 BC. Credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats. Influence of his epic stories are seen in the Hebrew story of the Great Flood. | 7 | |
| 414724707 | Hammurabi's Code | A legal code developed by King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia. The code was influential in the establishment of Hebrew and Islamic law and in the U.S. judiciary system. It specified crimes and punishments to help judges impose penalties. | 8 | |
| 414724708 | Hanging Gardens | Gardens at the palace of the New Babylonian empire (600-550 B.C.E.) that showed off its great wealth and luxury. Built by Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon and considered a wonder of the ancient world. | 9 | |
| 414724709 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria. Group that settles in central Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E., establishes powerful kingdoms, conquers the Babylonian empire in 1595 B.C.E., and dissolves about 1200 B.C.E. Technological feats include iron metallurgy and light horse-drawn chariots. | 10 | |
| 414724710 | Indo-Europeans | Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia. | 11 | |
| 414724711 | Iron | Material used for weapons and tools that became cheap and more widely available around 1000 B.C.E. | 12 | |
| 414724712 | Lex talionis | "law of retaliation," laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes; the most famous example is Hammurabi's laws. | 13 | |
| 414724713 | Mesopotamia | First civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture. Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer and Akkad are two of the earliest societies. | 14 | |
| 414724714 | Monotheism | Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world. | 15 | |
| 414724715 | Patriarchy | System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. | 16 | |
| 414724716 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. | 17 | |
| 414724717 | Sumerians | People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions. | 18 | |
| 414724718 | Ten Commandments | A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God. | 19 | |
| 414724719 | Torah | "The law" of the Jewish faith; first five books of the Hebrew Bible. | 20 | |
| 414724720 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. The official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi. | 21 | |
| 414724721 | Yahweh | God of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influenced later Christianity and Islam. | 22 | |
| 414724722 | Ziggurats | A temple tower of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. | 23 |
