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| 6086554957 | *Prokaryotes* | 3.5 billion year old single-cell organisms in Bacteria/Archea | 0 | |
| 6086595336 | How did the first living cells appear? | 1. *Abiotic Synthesis* of amino acids and nitrogenous bases. 2. Joining of small molecules into *macromolecules* (protiens, nucleic acids, etc.) 3. *Self replicating* molecules allow *inheritance.* | 1 | |
| 6086633005 | *Miller-Urey Experiment* | Tested Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis, simulating what Earth's early environment was thought to be and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions; resulted in creation of amino acids and other organic compounds. |  | 2 |
| 6086647504 | *Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis* | Hypothesis based on Earth's early atmosphere that reducing environment (electron adding) | 3 | |
| 6086666076 | What was the atmosphere composed in early Earth? | ♦ Little Oxygen ♦ Thick Water Vapor ♦ Nitrogen ♦ Carbon Dioxide ♦ Hydrogen ♦ Methane ♦ Ammonia | 4 | |
| 6090333436 | Explain the *Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules* | Synthesis of RNA monomers occurs by dripping solutions of amino acids or RNA nucleotides onto hot sand, clay, or rock produce polymers from monomers. These polymers acted as weak catalysts for reactions. | 5 | |
| 6090699257 | *Protocells* | Droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings; early protocells had self-replicating molecules and metabolism-like source | 6 | |
| 6090786995 | Vesicles | Fluid-filled compartments enclosed by a membrane-like structure that could have conditions possible for protocells | 7 | |
| 6090827224 | *RNA* | First genetic material that performed many catalytic functions, playing major role in protein synthesis | 8 | |
| 6090967775 | *DNA* | More complex, stable, stronger genetic material with more accurate replication in more complex organisms today | 9 | |
| 6090953865 | *Ribozymes* | RNA catalysts; many can make complementary copies of short pieces of RNA. | 10 | |
| 6091165157 | Relate *Natural Selection* & *RNA* Replication | Through natural selection, ribosomes capable of quick self replication and few errors (depending on environment) left the most descendant molecules. | 11 | |
| 6090772173 | Example of How *Vesicles* Lead to *Protocells* | Can form when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water, causing the mixture to form a bilayer (like plasma mambrane) and increases when montmorillonite clay added increases vesicle assembly (performed metabolic reactions using external reactants) | 12 | |
| 6090704305 | *Protobionts* | Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane. | 13 | |
| 6091181815 | *Fimbrae* | Short, hairlike appendages that help stick bacteria to substrate or another bacteria EX: Gonorrhea Bacterium |  | 14 |
| 6091202276 | *Pilus* | Longer appendages that pull 2 cells together before DNA transfer between them |  | 15 |
| 6091229727 | *Capsule* | Sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein around bacteria cell wall that is dense and well defined |  | 16 |
| 6091364292 | *Slime Layer* | Sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein around bacteria cell wall that is not well organized | 17 | |
| 6091236979 | *Endospores* | Multilayered, resistant cells that form as a result of water being removed from endospore, the cell lyses, and an endospore is released. They only die in very extreme environmental conditions. | 18 | |
| 6091241976 | *Peptidoglycan* | Cell walls of bacteria composed of this polymer made of modified sugars by polypeptides | 19 | |
| 6091247057 | *Gram-posative* | Have simpler walls with larger amounts of peptidoglycan |  | 20 |
| 6091254785 | *Gram-negative* | Have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex ♦ Lipopolysaccharide outer membrane | | 21 |
| 6091319014 | How are *gram-negative* bacteria medically harmful? | They are more resistant because of their protective *outer membrane* against bodily defenses. They are toxic causing fever and shock. | 22 | |
| 6090749999 | *Cyanobacteria* | Found to be same age as *stromatolites* and are the first organisms to release oxygen to Earth's atmosphere during the water-splitting step of photosynthesis (3.4 year old fossil in South Africa) | 23 | |
| 6090631196 | *Genetic Recombination* | The combining of DNA from two sources | 24 | |
| 6090647995 | *Genetic Recombination* in Eukaryotes | *Meiosis* and *fertilization* occur, bringing together DNA from different individuals | 25 | |
| 6090650331 | *Genetic Recombination* in Prokaryotes | ♦ Transformation ♦ Transduction ♦ Conjugation | 26 | |
| 6090458624 | *Transformation* | Genotype of prokaryote altered by intake of foreign DNA from surroundings. A nonpathogenic cell incorporates foreign DNA by homologous DNA exchange. |  | 27 |
| 6090530901 | *Transduction* | Viruses that infect bacteria (*phages*) take prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another, caused by phage replication accidents; virus may not be able to replicate because of lack of genetic material. |  | 28 |
| 6090562571 | *Conjugation* | DNA transfers between 2 prokaryotic cells temporarily joined EX: E. Coli attaches pilus to recipient, forming "temporary mating bridge" and transfers DNA from donor to recipient. |  | 29 |
| 6090626588 | *Horizontal Gene Transfer* | Transfer of DNA between different species; explains the diversity of prokayotes EX: Transformation, transduction and conjugation | 30 | |
| 6091444423 | *Taxis* | Direct movement toward or away from a stimulus EX: Prokaryotes that exhibit *chemotaxis* change their movement pattern based on how harmful the chemical is that they are near | 31 | |
| 6091458417 | *Flagella* | Helps in cell motility (locomotion); arose independently in Eukaryotas and and Prokaryotes. Main parts: motor, hook, filament (e) |  | 32 |
| 6091509652 | *Nucleiod* | Single chromosome unenclosed by membrane (d) | | 33 |
| 6091559486 | *Plasmids* | Smaller independent replicating DNA molecules in prokaryotes | 34 | |
| 6091553189 | *Obligate Aerobes* | Must use oxygen for cellular respiration | 35 | |
| 6091599053 | *Anaerobic Respiration* | Substances other than oxygen accept electrons in electron transport chain | 36 | |
| 6091612524 | *Nitrogen Fixation* | Cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N2 into NH3 later into organic compounds especially by microorganisms | 37 | |
| 6091648181 | Impact of *Nitrogen Fixation* | Can increase nitrogen available for plants, which can't use atmospheric N2. | 38 | |
| 6091660288 | *Heterocysts* | Specialized cells that carry out nitrogen fixation | 39 | |
| 6091682158 | *Biofilms* | Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotes occurring in surface-coating colonies. They can cause health and industrial problems. |  | 40 |
| 6091712933 | *Binary Fission* | Single prokaryotic cells divides into 2 then 4 then 6 then 8, etc. | 41 | |
| 6091736759 | Why haven't prokaryotes overtaken the Earth completely if they replicate so fast? | They end up exhausting their nutrient supply, poisoning themselves with metabolic waste, facing other competition, or are consumed by other organisms | 42 | |
| 6091760409 | What three factors caused prokaryotes to have high genetic variation, leading to rapid evolution? | ♦ Rapid Reproduction ♦ Mutation ♦ Genetic Recombination | 43 | |
| 6091821399 | Photoautotroph | Organism that must take in light for energy who's carbon source is CO2 or related compounds EX: Plants | 44 | |
| 6091824929 | Chemoautotroph | Organism that must take in inorganic chemicals (like NH3) for energy who's carbon source is CO2 or related compounds EX: Some Prokaryotes (Sulfolobus) | 45 | |
| 6091828426 | Photoheterotroph | Organism that must take in light for energy who's carbon source is organic compounds EX: Some Marine Prokaryotes | 46 | |
| 6091832131 | Chemoheterotroph | Organism that must take in organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source EX: Animals | 47 | |
| 6092446502 | *F-Factor* | Pili can form and donate DNA because the presence of a certain piece of DNA | 48 | |
| 6092465655 | *F-Plasmid* | F-Factor in plasmid form → F- means lack of F-factor (recipient cell) → F+ means present F-factor (donor cell) | 49 | |
| 6092558864 | *R Plasmids* | Bacteria with resistant genes, coding for enzymes that hinder/destroy antibiotic effectiveness that are selected to survive and pass genes EX: Tetracyline | 50 | |
| 6092727773 | Monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor EX: *Cyanobacteria* | 51 | |
| 6092748114 | What method would you use to best identify the diversity of bacterial and archaeal species in the enviornment? | Metogenomics | 52 | |
| 6093296169 | *Extremophiles* | First prokaryotes assigned to Archean domain, that can live in the most extreme environments | 53 | |
| 6093390970 | *Extreme Halophiles* | Organisms that live in high salinity levels like the Dead Sea or Great Salt lake that either can tolerate it or need it to survive EX: Halobacterium→ can thrive in extreme salt environment, but die at levels less than 9% | 54 | |
| 6093473329 | *Extreme Thermophiles* | Thrive under extreme heat conditions that, in a normal cell, would easily break the DNA double helix EX: Sulfolobus→ have structural/chemical adaptations to maintain stability of DNA | 55 | |
| 6094049270 | *Parasitism* | Involves one organism living at the expense of another organism. | 56 | |
| 6094088464 | *Commensalism* | Involves one organism benefiting and the other being inaffected | 57 | |
| 6094073685 | *Mutualism* | Beneficial ecologycal interaction of 2 species EX: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in human intestines | 58 | |
| 6094465966 | *Endotoxins* | Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, only released when bacteria dies EX: Salmonilla→ found in food prepared without sanitation | 59 | |
| 6094465967 | *Exotoxins* | Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms. EX: Cholera→ exotoxin release causing Cl- ion to be released into gut EX: Botulinum→ caused by improperly can food; it's still harmful even if bacteria causing release isn't present | 60 | |
| 6094514896 | How does *horizontal gene transfer* increase harmfulness of *pathogenic bacteria*? | They can transfer new, host-harming genes that make otherwise harmless bacteria, harmful. | 61 | |
| 6094208030 | *Bioremediation* | Use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water EX: Fertilizers sprayed on oil spill to increase native bacteria growth that metabolize the oil |  | 62 |
