Chapters 15-20
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| 375303176 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. | 0 | |
| 375303177 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 1 | |
| 375303178 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 2 | |
| 375303179 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. | 3 | |
| 375303180 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided the world along a line; west of line belonged to Spain, east of line belonged to Portugal | 4 | |
| 375303181 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 5 | |
| 375303182 | Vasco De Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean | 6 | |
| 375303183 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 7 | |
| 375303184 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 8 | |
| 375303185 | Kongo | Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. | 9 | |
| 375303186 | Christian Ethiopia | Was cut off from European Christians b/c of the growing numbers of Muslims in North Africa. | 10 | |
| 375303187 | conquistador | a conqueror, especially one of the spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century | 11 | |
| 375303188 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 12 | |
| 375303189 | Montezuma II | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 13 | |
| 375303190 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540. | 14 | |
| 375303191 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 15 | |
| 375303192 | Indulgence | The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. | 16 | |
| 375303193 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. | 17 | |
| 375303194 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 18 | |
| 375303195 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466) | 19 | |
| 375303196 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 20 | |
| 375303197 | Nicholas Copernicus | Scientific revolution; known for his theory that the sun not the Earth was the center of the universe | 21 | |
| 375303198 | Galileo Gallilei | (1564-1642) Italian scientist who proved the theory that the earth revolves around the sun. | 22 | |
| 375303199 | Isaac Newton | His discovery of universal laws for gravitation, movement, and optics helped launch the Enlightenment. | 23 | |
| 375303200 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) | 24 | |
| 375303201 | Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | 25 | |
| 375303202 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 26 | |
| 375303203 | Habsburg | A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. | 27 | |
| 375303204 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. | 28 | |
| 375303205 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Humanist who focused on lack of virtu and patriotism of Renaissance leaders. Held Republican ideals that determined people could be successful with money. | 29 | |
| 375303206 | Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.). | 30 | |
| 375303207 | constitutionalism | The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. | 31 | |
| 375303208 | Versailles | The huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility. | 32 | |
| 375303209 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 33 | |
| 375303210 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | 34 | |
| 375303211 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It povided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods. | 35 | |
| 375303212 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | 36 | |
| 375303213 | mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. | 37 | |
| 375303214 | mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. | 38 | |
| 375303215 | Indentured Servants | Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America. | 39 | |
| 375303216 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | 40 | |
| 375303217 | House of Burgesses | Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. | 41 | |
| 375303218 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. | 42 | |
| 375303219 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. | 43 | |
| 375303220 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. | 44 | |
| 375303221 | Coureurs de bois | (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. | 45 | |
| 375303222 | French and Indian War | A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763. | 46 | |
| 375303223 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 47 | |
| 375303224 | Council of the Indies | Group of royal officials established in 1524 that oversaw the government and enforced laws in Spanish America. | 48 | |
| 375303225 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. | 49 | |
| 375303226 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. | 50 | |
| 375303227 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | 51 | |
| 375303228 | plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 52 | |
| 375303229 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | 53 | |
| 375303230 | capitalism | An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. | 54 | |
| 375303231 | mercantilism | Practice of creating and maintaining wealth by carefully controlling trade. | 55 | |
| 375303232 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 56 | |
| 375303233 | Great Circuit | The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 57 | |
| 375303234 | Middle Passage | The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. | 58 | |
| 375303235 | Songhai | A West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. | 59 | |
| 375303236 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. | 60 | |
| 375303237 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); he significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 61 | |
| 375303238 | Janissary | Member of elite fighting force comprised of christian slaves in the Ottoman Empire | 62 | |
| 375303239 | devshirme | Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers | 63 | |
| 375303240 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 64 | |
| 375303241 | Ismail | Founder of Shia Islam known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert. | 65 | |
| 375303242 | Shah Abas I | Unified Persia as one state. | 66 | |
| 375303243 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 67 | |
| 375303244 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 68 | |
| 375303245 | mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. | 69 | |
| 375303246 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste. | 70 | |
| 375303247 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. | 71 | |
| 375303248 | Oman | Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. | 72 | |
| 375303249 | Swahili | A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast. | 73 | |
| 375303250 | Batavia | Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | 74 | |
| 375303251 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century. | 75 | |
| 375303252 | Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. | 76 | |
| 375303253 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan. | 77 | |
| 375303254 | Manchu | The race of people who conquered China and founded the Qing Dynasty. | 78 | |
| 375303255 | Samurai | A Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy. | 79 | |
| 375303256 | daimyo | A japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai. | 80 | |
| 375303257 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Japanese overlord who established a shogunate headed by his family for more than 250 years. | 81 | |
| 375303258 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 82 | |
| 375303259 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 83 | |
| 375303260 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 84 | |
| 375303261 | Cossacks | Free groups and outlaw armies that were formed to fight Ivan in an attempt to escape his rule. | 85 | |
| 375303262 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 86 | |
| 375303263 | Westernization | Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. | 87 | |
| 375303264 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796). | 88 | |
| 375303265 | variolation | The obsolete process of inoculating a susceptible person with material taken from a vesicle of a person who has smallpox. | 89 | |
| 375303266 | Matteo Ricci | An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China. | 90 | |
| 375303267 | Macartney Mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 91 | |
| 375303268 | "Forty-Seven Ronin" incident of 1702 | The end of the samurai practices in Japan. | 92 |
