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| 319316248 | Uighurs | Turkish group with strong ties to both the Islamic world and China; excelled as merchants and scribes; business in many languages with Buddhist influences; Located in western provence of Xinjiang. Brought under Chinese control in early 1700's when China expanded until present day. | |
| 319316249 | genocide | systematic killing of a racial or cultural group | |
| 319316250 | Xinjiang | an autonomous province in far northwestern China on the border with Mongolia and Kazakhstan; the largest province in the People's Republic of China and the homeland of the Uighur people | |
| 319316251 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | |
| 319316252 | Quing dynasty | also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in Chinese history, and was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 | |
| 319316253 | missionaries | people sent out to carry a religious message; also focuses on converting non-Christians to Christianity | |
| 319316254 | trading companies | established in Asia by the british, dutch, and portuguese, colonization of small groups of merchants; These were responsible for trading goods back and forth to various lands. They handled the economic issues with exploration. | |
| 319316255 | columbian exchange | New Network of interaction between Americas and the rest of the world (4 continents) created in the 16th century. The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Europe benefitted most with increased wealth, mountains of new information which led to the scientific revolution, new land for expansion of European's rapidly growing population | |
| 319316256 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | |
| 319316257 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438) | |
| 319316258 | Huascar | After Huayna Capac died; there was a civil war between his two sons. He was the older brother and was heir to the throne., fought brother in civil war for leader of Inca, killed shortly before Pizarro's arrival | |
| 319316259 | Old World Diseases | smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever. Brought from Europe and Africa resulting in huge number of deaths of Native Americans (no resistance) | |
| 319316260 | Governer Bradford | Leader of Plymouth colony. Believed that all the "great" dying of Native Americans from disease was caused by the "great hand of God". | |
| 319316261 | Plymouth colony | A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691. | |
| 319316262 | America received from Europe/Africa (Columbian Exchange) | Old word diseases, Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep. | |
| 319316263 | Europe received from America in columbian exchange | Corn, potatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca, root) which ultimately provided the nutritional foundation for the immense population growth in Europe (60 to 390 million within 500 years). Also received airborne fungus (killed potato crops) which resulted in starvation of many Irish people because they depended on potatoes. | |
| 319316264 | silver mines | found in Mexico and Peru; Encouraged Spain's unsuccessful effort to dominate Europe. the rise in quantity of silver contributed to a huge growth in transatlantic commerce (business/trading). | |
| 319316265 | Slave trade | European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe and created a lasting link between the three continents. Scattered African peoples throughout the Western Hemisphere. Slave labor used extensively on sugar and cotton plantations which were then traded abroad. 80% ended up in Brazil/Caribbean | |
| 319316266 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | |
| 319316267 | Industrial Revolution | the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. | |
| 319351608 | Objections to Empire-building (expansion) | destruction of societies (murder), loss of independence, repression of native peoples who are seen as inferior. Examples: 1. genocide (Columbus wanted to annihilate native peoples) 2. loss of independence (Chinese control of Uighurs, Slave trade) | |
| 319351609 | Empires of 1450-1750 | Western Europe- 1.Spanish expanded to Caribbean and mexico;2.Portuguese expanded to coast of present day Brazil; 3.British, French, and Dutch expanded to eastern coast of North America; Western Europe had advantage of closer proximity to the Americas (as compared to Asia); Asian Empires had good access to the enormously rich markets of the Indian Ocean so had little incentive to venture farther. | |
| 319351610 | Wind pattern | Atlantic winds were steady and in the same direction and therefore were easily mastered; Monsoon winds of Indian Ocean were more unpredictable and alternated in direction. | |
| 319351611 | European motivation for exploration | 1. Gain access to the world to improve commerce/trade (direct access to Asia instead of through Muslim states) 2. Impoverished nobles and commoners sought wealth and status 3. Religious freedom and/or desire to "spread the word" as a missionary. | |
| 319351612 | Advantages of Europeans | 1. access to formed trading companies which allowed for mobilization of people and goods 2. seafaring technology 3. Ironworking, weapons, horses | |
| 323746286 | mercantilism | an economic system/policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver to increase a it's wealth. Colonies in this system provided closed markets for the manufactured goods of the "mother country". | |
| 323746287 | Differences in colony societies | 1.settler-dominated 2.slave-based 3.ranching 4.mining | |
| 323746288 | Economic foundation of colonies in Mexico and Peru | 1.commercial agriculture 2.silver/gold mining; Native peoples provided the forced labor | |
| 323746289 | creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas | |
| 323746290 | peninsulares | Spaniards born in Spain; they deemed themselves superior to creoles. | |
| 323746291 | mestizos | mixed-race (Spaniards with Native Indians) in Mexico and Peru. Came about because of imbalance of men to women from Spain (7 men to 1 woman). Generally looked down upon by Spaniards. Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, lower level government/church positions | |
| 323746292 | Resistance to orders from Spain | "I obey but I do not enforce". Colonists progressively saw their American societies as independent rather than as an extension of Spain. | |
| 323746293 | Classes in Mexico and Spain | 1. Spanish settlers (top) 2. Mestizos (middle) 3. Native peoples (low) | |
| 323746294 | Native Indians | Repesented the lowest societal class. Abused and exploited; used as slave labor | |
| 323746295 | Tupac Amaru revolt | Peru (1780-1781); revolt of native peoples in the name of the last independent Inca emporer | |
| 323746296 | Economic foundation of Brazil and Caribbean | sugarcane plantations using African slave labor; sugar used as sweetener, preservative, medicine, and sculptures | |
| 323807936 | compare Demographic composition of Brazil with Highland Spanish America (Peru) | Biggest difference is the percentage of africans (Brazil-50%, vs Peru-12%) and the percentage of native americans (Brazil 9% vs Peru 42%); rest of demographics were Europeans and mixed-race | |
| 323807937 | concubine | woman who lives with a man without being legally married to him | |
| 323807938 | Mulattoes | offspring of Portuguese-African unions | |
| 323807939 | Social system in North American | less racial mixing because more European women available. black Africans, "red" Native Americans, white Europeans | |
| 323807940 | Racial system of North America compared to Caribbean and South America | North America - all people with any African ancestry made a person black which was not true in Brazil/Caribbean. White characteristics were prized more highly in both societies though economic status was more important factor than color in Brazil/Latin America. | |
| 323807941 | North America | established 100 years after Spain settled the Caribbean and Latin America. Considered as unpromising leftovers of the New World | |
| 323807942 | parliament | the lawmaking body of British government; A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation | |
| 323807943 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization | |
| 323807944 | Quakers | a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; religious group who settled Pennsylvania - very tolerant and nonviolent | |
| 323807945 | Differences in European colonies in 16 & 17th centuries | 1. British settlers were by far more numerous 2.Spanish settlers (funded by Catholic Church) were much more interested in spreading Christianity to natives. 3. Spanish settlements had elaborate bureaucracy (more organization) Overall Latin America much more dominant. | |
| 323807946 | Change in balance of the American Colonies in 19 & 20th centuries | by the 19th century, US was more politically stable, more democratic, more economically successful, and more internationally powerful than a divided, unstable, and economically less developed Latin America. |
