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| 535518731 | political democratization | began in 1824. examples: -property requirement for voting is abolished -oral ballots became written -appointed offices became elected -presidential electors were elected public | |
| 535518732 | henry clay | supporter of the American system, may or may not have been involved in corrupt bargaining during the election of 1824. From Kentucky | |
| 535518733 | democratic party | candidates was jackson-support states' rights and unversal white male sufferage | |
| 535518734 | panic of 1837 | Van Buren in office, a severe depression due to: -# of banks doubled -value of bank notes tripled -commodity and land prices soared SO states made commitments to build canals 1837: everything comes down, bank suspends specie payments 1839: economy crashes again Bank of US fails, Biddle charged with fraud and theft, specie payments postponed nationally and democrats blame depression on banks and paper money and swung toward hard money | |
| 535518735 | 2nd great awakening | religious revival in Connecticut during 1790s -2nd coming of Jesus -Frontier revivals -Methodists' success on the frontier -EVERYONE can better themselves, you can be individually saved. Different from first great awakening, which only saved an elite group -methodists became america's largest protestant denomination | |
| 535518736 | charles finney | revivalist techniques: citywide revival for everyone, speedy conversions beliefs: cooperation among Protestants, revivals=human creations, sin is voluntary (not innate), women are important impact: people believed they were being reborn, he dominated evangelical Protestantism, he was successful because he told people what they wanted to hear: that they were in charge of their own destiny | |
| 535518737 | mormons | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; More controversial than the Unitarians. Led by Joseph Smith. Originated in the US (only religion that is). Protestants thought that Smith was undermining the validity of their scripture. Mormons relocated to Illinois. -Plural marriage | |
| 535518738 | horace mann | secretary of Massachusetts board of education 1837. Strategies for school reform: -Make states pay for education -School term 10 months -Standardized textbooks -Dividing students into grades based on age and achievement -Compelling attendance | |
| 535518739 | angelina and sarah grimke | 1837: two daughters of a slaveholder, undertook antislavery lecture tour in New England, speaking out publicly against slavery -Criticized for speaking out. women shouldn't order men around. -Women's rights were thought to be secondary to abolition at the time | |
| 535518740 | lucretia mott | Philadelphia Quaker abolitionist woman, embraced women's rights. Acknowledged sisterhood in oppression with female slaves. Went to antislavery convention, came out a feminist | |
| 535518741 | elizabeth cady stanton | woman abolitionist, advocated women's rights after attending antislavery conference. | |
| 535518742 | seneca falls convention | 1848: organized by Mott and Stanton. NY. for women's rights. declaration of sentiments was modeled after the declaration of indep. and stated that men and women are equal Results: not much other than awareness | |
| 535518743 | utopian communities | places that exemplified the reformist belief in the possibility of human perfection. Offered alternative places to go instead of living in competitive cities | |
| 535518744 | whig party | this party emerged from the National Republican Party. Formed because people didn't like Jackson's policies on federal aid for internal improvements & protective tariffs and opposition to the BUS and nullification (basically opposed everything Jackson did) -Southerners -Native-born Protestant workers Political party that developed a broader base in both the north and the south. It attracted those put off by Jackson's policies (those who supported nullification, those who supported BUS, Southerners who wanted internal improvements that AJ refused to provide). Most social reformers gravitated to Whigs. Also, attracted tie to market economy (bankers, commercial farmers, planters, manufacturers) and also clergy. | |
| 535518745 | 2nd bank of the US | received 21-year charter from Congress in 1816. Creditor to state banks, had a lot of power. Was blamed for starting the Panic of 1819. Was controlled from a distance in Philadelphia, even though it held lots of government money Bank that received a 25 year charter in 1816. As a creditor of state banks, it restrained their printing and lending by its ability to demand the redemption of state bank notes in specie. | |
| 535518746 | nullification crisis | 1832-33: direct clash between Jackson and Calhoun -Calhoun acknowledges authorship of SCEandP, so SC nullifies the tariffs -Jackson says nullification is unconstitutional - states should work together -Jackson offers SC a peace offering & a sword | |
| 535518747 | spoils system | practice of basing appointments on party loyalty | |
| 535518748 | democratic party | remnant of the democratic-republican party that still supported states rights' and universal male sufferage-southerners consistantly supported this group | |
| 535518749 | american temperance society | protestants created this group; the first national temperance organization which followed Beecher's lead in demanding total abstinance. primary strategy was to use moral "suasion" to persuade people to take the pledge - the promise to never consume alcohol | |
| 535518750 | william lloyd garrison | launched a newspaper called The Liberator- he quickly established himself as the most prominant and provocative white abolitionist. formed the American Antislavery Society- desired immediate emancipation without compensation to slaveholders | |
| 535518751 | McCormick reaper | eli whitney had stimulated the the southern economy by inventing the cotton gin, a proslavery southerner named cyrus McCormickwould help the North win the Civil war. | |
| 535518752 | American system of manufacturing | system of manufacturing interchangeable parts. several distint advantages-replacement parts,improved machine tools, increased production | |
| 535518753 | New York stock exchange | the center of railroad financing shifted to NYC, where the railroad boom of the 1850s helped make wall street the nation's greatest capital market. securities of all the leading railroads were tradd on the floor of the NY stock exchange | |
| 535518754 | epidemics | despite improvement of living, americans remained vulnerable to disease. the transportation revolution actually imcreased the peril from epidemics by helping them spread from place to place. physicians could not explain the bacteria cauing yellow fever and cholera-> hostility towards profession | |
| 535518755 | phrenology | the belief that each person was master of his/her own destiny underlay not only evangelical religion and popular health movements; phrenology rested on the idea that the human mind is comprised of 37 distict faculties or "organs" each located in different parts of the brain-personality was determined by bumps/depressions on the head | |
| 535518756 | penny press | this could rely on masss circulation to turn a profit; it also revolutionized the marketing and content of newspapers. this invention created the modern concept of the "news"- showed political and commercial coverage to human interest | |
| 535518757 | minstrel shows | featured white performers in burnt-cork blackface who entertained their audiences with songs, dances, and humorous sketches that pretended to mimic back culture | |
| 535518758 | P. T. Barnum | the father of mass entertainment in the unite states who well understood how to turn the public's demand for entertainment into profit.he was a yankee hustler and idealist rolled into one. he wanted to draw paying costumers in by stimulating public curiosity | |
| 535518759 | American renaissance | united states experienced a flowing of literature after 1820; leading figures included cooper, emerson, thoreau, fuller, whitman, melville, poe and hawthorne. 2 broad developments- one economic and one philosophical contributed to the cultural efflorescence of the renaissance | |
| 535518760 | james fenimore cooper | the first important figure in this literary upserge. he introduced an enduringly influential American fictional character, the frontiersman "leatherstocking". he was a spokeman for nature against the relentless advance of civilization | |
| 535518761 | ralph waldo emerson | emerges as the most influential spokesman for american literary nationalism. he was the leading light of the movement known as transcenddentalism, an american expression of romanticism, emerson believed that our ideas of God and freedom are not learned, but inborn | |
| 535518762 | henry david thoreau | he fully lived his ideas...he went into seclusion and he realize that one could satisfy his material wants with a few weeks of work each year and preserve the rest of his time examining life's purpose. he said the roblem with america was that people turned themselves into "mere machines" to acquire pointless wealth | |
| 535518763 | margaret fuller | among the most remarkable figures in emerson's circle, her status as an intellectual woman distanced her from conventional society. she turned transcendentalism into a profession. fuller contented that no woman could achieve intellectual fulfillment promoted by emerson unless she devoted herself to developing her mental abilities without fear of being called "masculine" | |
| 535518764 | walt whitman | he wrote of himself in his poems because he viewed himself-crude and plain, self taught and passionately democratic- as the personification of the american people | |
| 535518765 | nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and edgar allen poe | three of th ebest contributors to the american renaissance; they saw individuals as bundles of dark, internal conflict that might never be resolved. all three writers were more interested in probing the depths of human psychology than the intricacies of social relationship | |
| 535518766 | hudson river school | this was the center of American landscape painting in the 19th century; the special contribution to American art made by the Hudson river painters was too emphasize emotional effect over illustrative accuracy- popularized the view of nature | |
| 535518767 | george catlin | he tried to preserve a vanishing America, but his main concern was with the native peoples of the land | |
| 535518768 | frederick law olmsted | his plan for a central park was chosen by NYC; he wanting to show nothing of the surrounding city->it was to be picturesque | |
| 535518769 | nat turner | Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation | |
| 535518770 | frederick douglass | Abolitionist(great public speaker), fugitive slave, recruiter for war, Freedmens Bureau then Minister to Haiti writes The North Star | |
| 535518771 | upper south | virginia, NC, tennessee, and arkansas- regions of tobacco, vegetables, hemp, and wheat growers, depended far less on great cash crops | |
| 535518772 | lower(deep) south | SC, georgia, florida, alabama, mississippi, louisiana, and texas-two giant cash crops= cotton and sugar | |
| 535518773 | old south | slavery forged upper and lower south into a single Old South where is scarred all social relationships: between blacks and whites, among whites, and even among blacks. without slavery there would have been no old south | |
| 535518774 | cotton kingdom | a broad swath of territoyr that expanded from SC, georgia, and northern florida in the east through alabama, mississippi, central and wester tennessee, and louisiana, and from there on to arkansas and texas | |
| 535518775 | internal slave trade | the profitability of cotton and sugar increased the values of slaves throughout the entire region and encouraged slvae trade from uppoer to the lower south | |
| 535518776 | tredegar iron works | industrialization to reduce the south's dependency on northern manufactured goods.the tredegar employed slaves in skilled positions and it was one of the few, large iron roducers in the south | |
| 535518777 | plantation agriculture | characterized by a high division of labor | |
| 535518778 | pine barrens people | one of the most controversial groups in the old south was the independent whites of the wooded pine barrens- making up 10% of southern whites, they usually squatted on the land, put up crude cabins, and cleared some acreage for a small garden | |
| 535518779 | virginia emancipation legislation | rumors of slave rebellion and supposed british invasion made the virginia legislature emancipate its slaves; opposition to slavery gradually weakened not only in virginiabut throughout the region known as the old south | |
| 535518780 | impending crisis of the south | called on nonslaveholderto abolish slavery in their interest, revealed the persistence of a degree of white opposition to slavery | |
| 535518781 | george fitzhugh | a virginian, launched another line of attack by contrasting the plight of the northern factory workers, "wage slaves" who were callously discarded by by their bosses when they were to old or too sick to work, with the southern slaves, who were fed and clothed even when old and ill because they were the property of conscientious masters | |
| 535518782 | southern code of honor | among gentlemen-honor defined as as extraordianary sensitivity to one's reputation, a belief that one's self-esteem depends on the judgement of others | |
| 535518783 | task system | each slave had a daily or weekly quota to complete(smaller units) | |
| 535518784 | gang labor | on large cotton and sugar plantations, slaves would occasionallywork under the task system, but more closely supervised and regimented gang labor prevailed | |
| 535518785 | free blacks | 1/3 of free blacks in upper south and more than half in the lower south were urban. they relatively specialized the economies of the cities provided freed color people with opportunities to become carpenters, barrel makers, barbers, and even small traders | |
| 535518786 | denmark vesey | a south carolina slave won $1500 in a lottery and bought his freedom | |
| 535518787 | harriet tubman and the underground railroad | a major figure in help slaves escape- she and josiah henson repeated trips back to the south to help others escape. the methos of escape was the use of the underground railroad, supposedly an organized network of safe houses owned by white abolitionists who spirited blacks to freedom in the north and canada | |
| 535518788 | spirituals | religious songs sang by blacks |
