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| 9865943528 | Deism | The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny. | 0 | |
| 9865943529 | Rene Descarte | Deductive thinker whose famous saying I"I'll think, there I am" challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures | 1 | |
| 9865943530 | Enlightenment | The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices | 2 | |
| 9865943531 | Laissez-faire | The economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, Smith argued governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural law of supply and demand | 3 | |
| 9865943532 | Philosophes | Social critics of the eighteenth century who subject social institutions and practices to test of reason | 4 | |
| 9865943533 | Tabula rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impression that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas | 5 | |
| 9865943535 | Thomas Hobbes | Most famous work is LEVIATHAN (1651). Heavily influenced by what he saw in the English Civil War. Believes all humans are naturally selfish and wicked; government needed to keep order. Argues that a social contract exists between the government and the governed in which the citizen gives up some rights in exchange for being protected. Believes in absolute control by ruler | 6 | |
| 9865943536 | John Locke | Most famous work is TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT (1690). Heavily influenced by what he saw during the Glorious Revolution. Believes that all people are born free and equal with ability to learn from experience, and possess three natural rights (the freedoms of life, liberty, and property). Also believes in a social contract, but believes that citizens have right to end the contract and overthrow the government if ruler(s) fail to protect rights | 7 | |
| 9865943537 | Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) | Most famous work is CANDIDE. Heavily influencd by relatively oppressive French society of the 1700's in comparison to the relatively egalitarian society of Britain. Political and social satirist who wrote multiple works about the need for tolerance, reason, freedom, of religious beliefs, and freedom of speech. Pushes for separation of church and state, or the separation of religion from the government | 8 | |
| 9865943538 | Baron de Montesquieu | Most famous work is ON THE SPIRIT OF LAWS (1748). Main influence is the concept of the separation of powers, in which political power in a government is divided equally among multiple parts. In addition, Montesquieu believed that "power should be checked to power", referring to the system of "checks and balances" created by having each branch having a specific action that negates the power of another if necessary | 9 | |
| 9865943539 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | Most famous work is THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762). Believes that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness. Argued that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the "general will" of society. Like Locke, he believes that the social contract between government and citizens is only valid as long as the government defends the rights of the people. His belief is that the government only rules by "the consent of the governed". More radical than Locke due to the belief that all titles of nobility should be abolished to create a classless society | 10 | |
| 9865943540 | Cesare Beccaria | Most famous work is CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT (1764)- Believes that laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes, and therefore punishment should reflect this as well. Argues for the use of a trial by jury that must be delivered in a swift and timely manner, without the use o possibility of torture or cruel and unusual punishments. In addition, he believes that the punishment must match, not exceed, the crime committed | 11 | |
| 9865943541 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Most famous work is A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN (1792). Argues that women, just like women, need education to become virtuous and useful. The use of education should make all professions available, not just traditional ones, and women should be allowed to become involved in politics | 12 | |
| 9865943542 | Olympe De Gouge | Most famous work is DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND THE FEMALE CITIZEN. Was the daughter of a baker and rose to run her own salon. She was an abolitionist. She was executed during the Reign of Terror | 13 | |
| 9865943543 | Adam Smith | Most famous work is AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776). Wrote most original theories on capitalism and is credited by many with creating modern economics | 14 | |
| 9865943545 | Immanuel Kant | Most famous work is CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON. Argued in 1784 that freedom of the press will result in Enlightenment for the masses. He separated science and morality into distinct branches of knowledge. He believed that science could describe natural phenomena of the material world but could not provide a guide for morality | 15 | |
| 9865943546 | David Hume | Most famous work is a TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE. Emphasized limitations of human reasoning and stated that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions. Later he became dogmatic skeptic who undermined the Enlightenment | 16 | |
| 9865943549 | Denis Diderot | Best known as the editor of the first European ENCYCLOPEDIA, which was supported by Voltaire and Catherine II of Russia. He was a writer and member of prominent salons in Paris. | 17 | |
| 9865943551 | Thomas Paine | Most famous works THE AGE OF REASON AND COMMON SENSE. Advocated deism and progress, the idea of an improved society through natural laws. He moved to the British Colonies in America and advocated for American Independence | 18 | |
| 9865943555 | Frederick II (Frederick the Great) | Referred to himself as the "first servant of the state" who through military changes made Prussia into a major power in Europe. An urbane and educated man who patronized the great Voltaire, a domestic reformer who improved education, codified laws, fostered industry, invited immigration, and extended religious tolerance | 19 | |
| 9865943556 | Catherine II (Catherine the Great) | A German who succeeded to the throne after the murder of her husband. Was a patron of many of the French philosophes and considered herself an Enlightened Despot. When personal rule was threatened, became reactionary and ended many Enlightened reforms. | 20 |
