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| 133019689 | Germany | first state to enact social welfare legislation | |
| 133019690 | Abolition of Serfdom | first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia | |
| 133019691 | Zemstvo | local government institution established by Great Reforms in Russia | |
| 133019692 | Mazzini | pushed for a centralized democratic Italian republic | |
| 133019693 | Kulturekampf | attack on the Catholic Church by Bismarck | |
| 133019694 | Garibaldi | charismatic leader of the Red Shirts who annexed the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | |
| 133019695 | Crimean War | Conflict lost by Russian to France and Great Britain that resulted in the freeing of the serfs | |
| 133019696 | Schleswig-Holstein | land claimed by Denmark on its southern border but taken by force by the German Federation led by Prussia | |
| 133019697 | Zollverein | customs union controlled by Prussia that excluded Austria | |
| 133019698 | Cotton | main new crop in the United States that required large importations of slaves | |
| 133019699 | Theodore Herzl | Jewish leader that called for the creation of a homeland for European Jews | |
| 133019700 | Franco-Prussian War | War between France and Prussia engineered by Bismarck and won by Prussia with help of German Confederation | |
| 133019701 | Great Reforms in Russia | 1) freeing the serfs, 2) introducing local government (zemstvo) 3) establishing independent courts 4) censorship relaxed 5) better treatment of Jews | |
| 133019702 | Mexican War of 1848 | War won by U.S. that resulted in gaining large tract of land from Texas to California | |
| 133019703 | Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance who improved the infrastructure, established high trade tariffs and put Russia on gold standard | |
| 133019704 | Friedrich List | German who felt that nations should support their economies. He inspired Witte of Russia | |
| 133019705 | Alexander II | Tsar of Russia who brought about the Great Reforms but was assassinated | |
| 133019706 | Bismarck | minister of Prussia that brought German Confederation together its lead. He opposed socialism. | |
| 133019707 | Dreyfus Affair | French episode where Captain Dreyfus was falsely accused by the army and the church largely because he was a Jew. The case revived dislike of the Catholic Church by republicans. | |
| 133019708 | Liberal Party of Great Britain | Eliminated House of Lords, increased taxes on the rich and passed a national health program. | |
| 133019709 | German Social Democratic Party | Became dominant party in Germany by taking on a more patriotic tone and broadening their base. | |
| 133019710 | First International | multinational group of socialists organized by Karl Marx in 1860s- short lived | |
| 133019711 | Second International | second multinational group of socialists organized by Marx in the 90s that called for an annual worker's strike on May 1st | |
| 133019712 | Edward Bernstein | socialist who preached change through elections rather than revolution | |
| 301980049 | Duma | national parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the revolution of 1905 | |
| 301980050 | Reichstag | The Lower House of the Legislative Assembly in Germany. | |
| 301980051 | Bloody Sunday | In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the Tsar. Start of the Revolution. | |
| 301980052 | Red Shirts | the followers of the 19th century Italian nationalist leader Giuseppe Garibaldi. | |
| 301980053 | Zionism | a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine | |
| 301980054 | October Manifesto | This was issued by Nicholas II; granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma. |
