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| 148575171 | 5 causes of the French Revolution | 1. The wide social an economic gap between the third estate and the first and second estates. 2. The unfairness of the tax system (first and second estates were exempt.) 3. Frustrated ambitions of the growing middle class to receive social advancement. 4. The influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment (fair government, equality, civil rights). 5. Political ineptitude of the last two absolute monarchs of France (Louis XV and Louis XVI) and a long-standing financial crisis in France. | 0 | |
| 148575172 | The Moderate Period | 1789-1791; Goal was to create a Constitutional Monarchy. Marquis de Lafayette issued the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen". National and Legislative assemblies abolished noble privileges and nationalized lands belonging to the Catholic Church. Assemblies were unable to solve France's problems. | 1 | |
| 148575173 | The Radical Period | 1792-1794; In April 1792, France went to war with Austria and Prussia. September 1792, rioting and street fighting in Paris led to fall of Legislative Assembly. A new legislature, the National Convention, was elected and led by Jacobins. Reign of Terror- 30,000 to 50,000 people put to death, mostly by guillotine. | 2 | |
| 148575174 | The Conservative Backlash | 1794-1799; Thermidorian reaction or antiradical backlash 1794-1799. Political power was given to government body known as the Directory. New constitution was less democratic. Directory was overthrown in 1799 bringing end to French Revolution. | 3 | |
| 148575175 | Other Atlantic Revolutions | Against absolute monarchies or foreign domination: Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland Haiti and Latin America in general. | 4 | |
| 148575176 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Reign: 1799-1815. Formed coup that overthrew the Directory in 1799. Created institutions that exist today: Bank of France and the Civil Law Code. His wars lasted for years; overambitious invasion of Russia in 1812 led to his downfall. Battle of Waterloo was his second and last defeat. | 5 | |
| 148575177 | The Congress of Vienna | 1814-1815- Congress of Vienna consisted of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain. They redrew the map of Europe and shrank France to its pre-revolutionary borders. Wanted to achieve balance of power in Europe. Klemens von Metternich created Congress System. | 6 | |
| 148575178 | Reaction in Early 19th Century Europe | For three decades political controls tightened in most European nations. Kings were brought back, including France. Freedom of expression, civil rights suffered. | 7 | |
| 148575179 | Great Britain | 3 major Reform Acts would change Britain's electoral laws throughout the century. The First Reform Act would change Britain's electoral laws. The First Reform Act was passed in 1832. It widened suffrage only slightly, but did much to improve districting and the general operation of the voting system. The First Reform Act was the first step on Britain's long road toward democratization. | 8 | |
| 148575180 | France | France was placed under a parliamentary monarchy with the family of Louis XVI back on the throne. French overthrew monarchy in 1830. | 9 | |
| 148575181 | Central and Eastern Europe | Austria's emperor was advised by Metternich, the architect of reaction and the Congress System. Prussia developed a law-based state and the crown shared power with the legislature. Prussia remained militaristic and authoritarian for years. In Russia, the tsar continued to be all-powerful. | 10 | |
| 148575182 | The Revolution of 1848 | Causes: Impatience with 3 decades of reactionary rule, the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, growing strength of nationalism, economic downturns. In the end, except in France, all of the revolutions were crushed or faded away. | 11 | |
| 148575183 | Reform and Democracy in Great Britain | Democracy meant meaningful vote for all adult males. Two major parties in Parliament: Conservative and Liberals. Was accomplished by means of the Second (1867) and Third (1885) Reform Acts. During the early 1900s the Labour Party displaced the older, more middle class Liberals as the primary anti-conservative party. | 12 | |
| 148575184 | Democracy in France | 1851: Napolean III made himself emperor of France. During his twenty-year reign, he helped to industrialize and modernize France. 1870-1871 France lost the Franco-Prussian War against the neighboring Germans; Napolean III was deposed. | 13 | |
| 148575185 | The Unification of Italy and Germany | Unification of Germany and of Italy both occurred during the 1860s and early 1870s. 1870- Italy became a constitutional monarchy under Victor Emmanuel II. Germany defeated Austria in 1864 in a war for leadership of the German states. Germany joined together in 1871 following its decisive victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War. | 14 | |
| 148575186 | Austria-Hungary | Austria, a multinational empire, also had to make certain concessions to the dozens of ethnic minorities- Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Italians, Hungarians. Hungarians forced the Austrian government to grant them equal status within the empire. The Augsleich (Compromise) turned Austria into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. | 15 | |
| 148575187 | Germany | Germany became an industrial powerhouse and its working class grew larger. The government, even after Bismarck's dismissal by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890, continued to be quite conservative. | 16 | |
| 148575188 | Russia | Had no constitution and until 1905 no elected body with which the tsar shared power. Crimean War (1853-1856) Tsar Alexander II attempted to modernize Russia with a series of Great Reforms. One was emancipation of the serfs in 1861 and others included lightened censorship, local government powers. He was assassinated in 1881 by radical terrorists. The tsars that followed him (last tsar Nicolas 1894-1917) abandoned his reforms. | 17 | |
| 148575189 | Romanticism | Late 1700s and early 1800s. Backlash against the logic and reason oriented outlook of the Enlightenment. Based on emotion and passion, self-realization of the individual, heroism, and love of the natural world. Writers, poets: Beethoven, Tchaikovsky. | 18 | |
| 148575190 | Realism | 1840s and 1850s. Critical view of life, everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, and class injustice. Authors included Dickens, Zola. | 19 | |
| 148575191 | Charles Darwin and his theories | Darwin explained the biological process of evolution with his theory of natural selection. 1859 book- On the Origin of Species. 1871 book- The Descent of Man (natural selection to human beings and that humans and apes share a common evolutionary ancestry. | 20 | |
| 148575192 | Economic Factors of Imperialism | Large-scale industrial production made Western economies hungry for raw materials, the West had immense wealth and could afford militaries, transportation, and the West needed markets. | 21 | |
| 148575193 | Military Factors of Imperialism | New weaponry like steam powered fleets, machine guns, long range artillery. Western nations needed to maintain bases, coal stations, and ports for repair. The west seized ports around the world. | 22 | |
| 148575194 | Social Factors of Imperialism | Europe's rapid population growth- potential for population growth in the Americas and colonies. | 23 | |
| 148575195 | Science and Technological Factors of Imperialism | Advances in transportation, communication, warfare, medicine (malaria). | 24 | |
| 148575196 | Europe's Overseas Empires | The Americas fell mainly to the United States, Southeast Asia: Dutch won Indonesia, France won Southeast Asia, India went to Britain and France, China fell to almost every European nation, Japan held its own and adopted Western science and technology, Central Asia fell to Russia and Britain (The Great Game), The Middle East was won by Britain and France, Africa was colonized by several Europe nations (Britain, France, Dutch, German, Italians, Belgians and others), and the Balkans was fought over between Russia, Austria, Italy, and the declining Ottoman Empire. | 25 |
