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| 359045857 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 0 | |
| 359045858 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 1 | |
| 359045859 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 2 | |
| 359045860 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 3 | |
| 359045861 | Amerigo Vespucci | The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of America as a new world. America is named after him. | 4 | |
| 359045862 | Ponce de Leon | Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth in 1513. | 5 | |
| 359045863 | Vasco de Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama. | 6 | |
| 359045864 | Ferdinand Magellan | In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe. | 7 | |
| 359045865 | Giovanni da Verrazano | Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528) for France | 8 | |
| 359045866 | Sir Francis Drake | English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold. | 9 | |
| 359045867 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) | 10 | |
| 359045868 | Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. | 11 | |
| 366895567 | The Sternpost Rudder | invented in Han China for better navigation and control of ships. | 12 | |
| 366895568 | Lateen Sails | Large triangular sails that are attached to the masts by long booms or yard arms which extend diagonally high across both the fore and aft portions of the ship. | 13 | |
| 366895569 | The Astrolabe | an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation. | 14 | |
| 366895570 | The Magnetic Compass | The most important Chinese technological innovation in seafaring. | 15 | |
| 366895571 | Three-Masted Caravels | large ships which had large sails and could hold provision for longer journeys in their large cargo rooms. | 16 | |
| 366895572 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. He was aided by enemies to the Aztecs. | 17 | |
| 366895573 | Montezuma | Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. | 18 | |
| 366895574 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru in 1531 and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 19 | |
| 366895575 | peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class | 20 | |
| 366895576 | Creoles (Crillos) | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | 21 | |
| 366895577 | Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. | 22 | |
| 366895578 | Mulattos | persons of mixed european and african ancestry. | 23 | |
| 366895579 | Viceroys | Royal governors sent by Spain to rule in the King's name. | 24 | |
| 366895580 | Encomienda system | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity | 25 | |
| 366895581 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 26 | |
| 366895582 | sugar | Crop that arrived from India to the Caribbean, major product of Columbian Exchange. | 27 | |
| 366895583 | silver | Found in mines in México and Perú, monopolized by Spain, major product of Comlumbian Exchange. Led to better trade with China. | 28 | |
| 366895584 | Age of Exploration | Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans. | 29 | |
| 366895585 | joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. Made popular after church removes its ban on banking. | 30 | |
| 366895586 | Muscovy Company | chartered in 1555; the first major joint stock company; an English joint-stock company the monopolized trade routes to Russia until 1698. | 31 | |
| 366895587 | Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | 32 | |
| 366895588 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. | 33 |
