all of the words in chapters 13-26
Terms : Hide Images
| 20082435 | Alexander VI | (1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of "The Prince". | 0 | |
| 20082436 | Dante Alighieri | Italian poet wrote "Inferno" and "Divine Comedy" | 1 | |
| 20082437 | Petrarch | (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. | 2 | |
| 20082438 | Boccaccio | Wrote the "Decameron" which tells about ambitious merchants, protrays a sensual and worldly society. | 3 | |
| 20082439 | Castiglione | Wrote "The Courtier" which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art. | 4 | |
| 20082440 | Leonardo Da Vinci | (1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. | 5 | |
| 20082441 | Giotto | (1276-1337) Florentine painter who led the way in the use of realism. | 6 | |
| 20082442 | Quattrocento | The 1400's. | 7 | |
| 20082443 | Cinquecento | The 1500's. | 8 | |
| 20082444 | Botticelli | One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus | 9 | |
| 20082445 | Michelangelo Buoharroti | (1475-1564) Worked in Ro0me. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David. | 10 | |
| 20082446 | Donatello | (1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. | 11 | |
| 20082447 | Brunelleschi | (1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence. | 12 | |
| 20082448 | Sir Thomas More | (1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote "Utopia" which presented a revolutionary view of society. Executed for not compromising his religious beliefs. | 13 | |
| 20082449 | Erasmus | (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote "Praise of Folly". | 14 | |
| 20082450 | Lorenzo de Medici | r(1469-1492) The Medici's were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene. | 15 | |
| 20082451 | Miguel De Cervantes | (1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote "Don Quixote". | 16 | |
| 20082452 | Pico Della Mirandola | Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. | 17 | |
| 20082453 | Jacob Fugger | Headed leading banking and trading house in 16th century Europe. | 18 | |
| 20082454 | Hans Holbein the Younger | Painter noted for his protraits and religious paintings. | 19 | |
| 20082455 | Humanism | Studies the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities. | 20 | |
| 20082456 | Individualism | Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents. | 21 | |
| 20082457 | Julius II | r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. | 22 | |
| 20082458 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Wrote "The Prince" which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." | 23 | |
| 20082459 | Montaigne | (1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay. | 24 | |
| 20082460 | New Monarchs | Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries. | 25 | |
| 20082461 | Pazzi Conspiracy | Conspiracy to overthrow the Medici's. | 26 | |
| 20082462 | Rabelais | French Satirical author. "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel". | 27 | |
| 20082463 | Renaissance Man | A man that is multitalented and is well educated. | 28 | |
| 20082464 | Revival of antiquity | The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Romans. | 29 | |
| 20082465 | Friar Girolamo Savonarola | (1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence. | 30 | |
| 20082466 | Secularism | The belief in material things instead of religious things. | 31 | |
| 20082467 | Lorenzo Valla | (1406-1457) "On Pleasure" and "On False Condation of Constantine". Father of modern historical criticism. | 32 | |
| 20082468 | Vernacular | Everyday language of a specific nation. | 33 | |
| 20082469 | Virtu | The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance. | 34 | |
| 20082470 | Act of Supremacy | Declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England. | 35 | |
| 20082471 | Anglicanism | Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I. | 36 | |
| 20082472 | John Calvin | Theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion". | 37 | |
| 20082473 | Consubstantiation | The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change. | 38 | |
| 20082474 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 39 | |
| 20082475 | Thomas Cranmer | Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer. | 40 | |
| 20082476 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. | 41 | |
| 20082477 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 42 | |
| 20082478 | Excommunication | When a person is kicked out of the Catholic Church. | 43 | |
| 20082479 | Huguenots | French Calvinists | 44 | |
| 20082480 | John Huss | Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation. | 45 | |
| 20082481 | Ignatius Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, "Spiritual Exercises". | 46 | |
| 20082482 | Indulgences | Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic church, corruption that led to reformation. | 47 | |
| 20082483 | The Institutes of Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin. | 48 | |
| 20082484 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola. | 49 | |
| 20082485 | John Knox | Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin. | 50 | |
| 20082486 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 51 | |
| 20082487 | Simony | The selling of church offices | 52 | |
| 20082488 | Usury | The practice of lending money for interest. | 53 | |
| 20082489 | Theocracy | A community in which the state is subordinate to the church. | 54 | |
| 20082490 | Predestination | Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life. | 55 | |
| 20082491 | Johann Tetzel | The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther. | 56 | |
| 20082492 | Thomas Wolsey | Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherin of Aragon. | 57 | |
| 20082493 | John Wycliffe | (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked teh corruption of the clergy and questioned the power of the pope. | 58 | |
| 20082494 | Ulrich Zwingli | (1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war. | 59 | |
| 20082495 | Baroque | Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550-1700, emphsizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism. | 60 | |
| 20082496 | Defenestration of Prague | The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. | 61 | |
| 20082497 | Peace of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the thirty Years' War (2648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe. | 62 | |
| 20082498 | St Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572. | 63 | |
| 20082499 | War of the Three Henrys | French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois an Henri of Navarre. | 64 | |
| 20082500 | John Cabot | Italian born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America. | 65 | |
| 20082501 | Pedro Cabral | Claimed Brazil for Portugal | 66 | |
| 20082502 | Entrepot | Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities. | 67 | |
| 20082503 | Conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. | 68 | |
| 20082504 | Bartholomew Diaz | (1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa. | 69 | |
| 20082505 | Sir Francis Drake | English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships: 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada. | 70 | |
| 20082506 | King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | Monarchs who united Spain; responsible for the reconquista. | 71 | |
| 20082507 | Encomienda | Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner but had their own land to work as well. | 72 | |
| 20082508 | Vasco da Gama | Sailed from Portugal for India. | 73 | |
| 20082509 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 74 | |
| 20082510 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), there by completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 75 | |
| 20082511 | Northwest Passage | A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. | 76 | |
| 20082512 | Sir Walter Raleigh | (1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure. | 77 | |
| 20082513 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | 78 | |
| 20082514 | Giovanni de Verrazano | (1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America. | 79 | |
| 20082515 | Absolutism | When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler. | 80 | |
| 20082516 | Sovereignty | Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice. | 81 | |
| 20082517 | Totalitarianism | Twentieth century phenomenon that seeks to direct all facets of a state's culture in the interest of the state. | 82 | |
| 20082518 | Cardinal Richelieu | Became President of the Council of Ministers and the first minister of the French crown. | 83 | |
| 20082519 | Louis XIII | Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. | 84 | |
| 20082520 | Fronde | (1648-1653) Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII | 85 | |
| 20082521 | Jules Mazarin | Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government. | 86 | |
| 20082522 | Sun King | Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development. | 87 | |
| 20082523 | Louis XIV | King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child. | 88 | |
| 20082524 | Jean-Babtiste Colbert | An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial geius who managed the entire royal administration. | 89 | |
| 20082525 | Mercantilism | The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon its wealth. | 90 | |
| 20082526 | French Classicism | Art, literature, and advancements of the age of Louis XIV. | 91 | |
| 20082527 | Nicholas Poussin | French classical painter who painted the Rape of the Sabine Women, known as the greatest French painter of the 17th century. | 92 | |
| 20082528 | William of Orange | Dutch prince invited to be king of England after 'The Glorious Revolution'. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV. | 93 | |
| 20082529 | Louis Pontchartrain | French controller of finance who imposed the capitation of an annual poll tax. | 94 | |
| 20082530 | Peace of Utrecht | Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession. | 95 | |
| 20082531 | Constitutionalism | Limitation of government by law, developed in times of absolutism. | 96 | |
| 20082532 | Leviathan | Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. | 97 | |
| 20082533 | William Laude | Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches. Insisted on complete uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Commission. | 98 | |
| 20082534 | Oliver Cromwell | As Lord Protector of England, he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship. | 99 | |
| 20082535 | The Restoration | Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established an Anglican church, courts of law and local government. | 100 | |
| 20082536 | John Locke | Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development (tabula rasa). Wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and "Second Treatise of Government". | 101 | |
| 20082537 | Thomas Hobbes | Leading secular exponenet of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." | 102 | |
| 20082538 | Bill of Rights | 1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution. | 103 | |
| 20082539 | New Model Army | Created by Cromwell. | 104 | |
| 20082540 | Petition of Rights | Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not delcare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent. | 105 | |
| 20082541 | War of Austrian Succession | Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him. | 106 | |
| 20082542 | Junkers | Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. | 107 | |
| 20082543 | Pragmatic Sanction | Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne. | 108 | |
| 20082544 | Romanovs | Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917. | 109 | |
| 20082545 | Frederick William the Great Elector | Man who made modern Prussia. | 110 | |
| 20082546 | Boyars | Land owning aristocracy in early Russia. | 111 | |
| 20082547 | Dvorianie | Established by Peter the Great, they received land and control of the peasants. | 112 | |
| 20082548 | Muscovy | A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscos, it was founded c.1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory. | 113 | |
| 20082549 | Hohenzollern | German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia. | 114 | |
| 20082550 | Aristotelian World View | Motionless earh was fixed at the center of the universe, God was beyond. | 115 | |
| 20082551 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning. | 116 | |
| 20082552 | Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. | 117 | |
| 20082553 | Robert Boyle | (1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt. | 118 | |
| 20082554 | Andrew Celsius | Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius. | 119 | |
| 20082555 | Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473-1543) Plish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres." Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory. | 120 | |
| 20082556 | Heliocentric Theory | Sun is the center of the universe. Copernican. | 121 | |
| 20082557 | Geocentric Theory | Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian. | 122 | |
| 20082558 | Descartes | (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. | 123 | |
| 20082559 | Deductive Reasoning | Descartes, doubt everything and use reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method. | 124 | |
| 20082560 | Inductive Reasoning | Baconian empiricism. Based on speculations on other situations. | 125 | |
| 20082561 | Discourse on Methods | Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning. | 126 | |
| 20082562 | Empiricism | Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning. | 127 | |
| 20082563 | Gabriel Fahrenheit | Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees. | 128 | |
| 20082564 | Galileo Galilei | Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter's moons. Wrote "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World". | 129 | |
| 20082565 | Gresham College | Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had an honored roll in society; center of scientific activity. | 130 | |
| 20082566 | William Harvey | Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body. | 131 | |
| 20082567 | Carl Linnaeus | System Nature - developed methods to classify and name plants and animals. | 132 | |
| 20082568 | Natural Law | Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves. | 133 | |
| 20082569 | Isaac Newton | English scientist. 3 Laws of Motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural PHilosophy (1687). | 134 | |
| 20082570 | Ptolemy's System | Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to expalin minor irregulatiries in the movement of the planets. | 135 | |
| 20082571 | The Royal Society of London | Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences. | 136 | |
| 20082572 | Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities | Rousseau, discussed the innocence of man and his corruption by society. | 137 | |
| 20082573 | Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote "Candide". Believed enlightened despot best form of government. | 138 | |
| 20082574 | Deism | God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. | 139 | |
| 20082575 | Enlightened despot | Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Breat, Frederick the Great. | 140 | |
| 20082576 | Humanitarianism | Promoting human welfare and social reform. | 141 | |
| 20082577 | Second Treatise of Governments | Written by Locke, government created to protect life, liberty, and property. | 142 | |
| 20082578 | Essay Concerning Human Understanding | Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory. | 143 | |
| 20082579 | Rococo | Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portaits. | 144 | |
| 20082580 | The Spirit of Laws | Montesquieu, about separation of powers. | 145 | |
| 20082581 | The Social Contract | Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis. | 146 | |
| 20082582 | Candide | Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe. | 147 | |
| 20082583 | Montesquieu | French philosopher. Wrote "The Spirit of Laws". Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate. | 148 | |
| 20082584 | Capitalism | Economic theory of maintaining balance of exports and imports. The opposite of socialism and communism. | 149 | |
| 20082585 | Cosmopolitanism | Urban growth during the agricultural revolution. It dealt with the migration from rural to urban areas. | 150 | |
| 20082586 | General Will | Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that htis determines a countryps course in economics and politics. | 151 | |
| 20082587 | William Hogarth | English painter. Marriage a la Mode. | 152 | |
| 20082588 | Natural History | Written by Buffon, discussed scientific matters. | 153 | |
| 20082589 | Physiocrats | Opponenets of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic. | 154 | |
| 20082590 | Adam Smith | Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote "Wealth of Nations". | 155 | |
| 20082591 | Jethro Tull | English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding. | 156 | |
| 20082592 | Enclosure movement | 18th centure English movement, marked the rise of market oriented estate. | 157 | |
| 20082593 | Jean le Rond D'Alembert | Coeditor of the Encyclopedie. | 158 | |
| 20082594 | Assignats | Paper currenty, the French churcehs were used as collateral - the first Grench paper currency issued by the General Assembly. | 159 | |
| 20082595 | Bastille | Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasancts for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution. | 160 | |
| 20082596 | Bourgeoisie | Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy. | 161 | |
| 20082597 | Revolutionary Calendar | Created by the National Convention, it was established after the French Revolution; day one was the first day of the French Republic. | 162 | |
| 20082598 | Committee of Public Safety | Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effor. Instigated the Reign of Terror. | 163 | |
| 20082599 | Conspiracy of Equals | Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf, an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction, communistic in nature. | 164 | |
| 20082600 | Consulate | Form of government which followed the directory; established by Napoleon; ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor. | 165 | |
| 20082601 | National Convention | The third estate of the Estates General; broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups. | 166 | |
| 20082602 | Danton | Led the Mountains with Robespierre, also executed with Robespierre. | 167 | |
| 20082603 | David | Napoleon's painter, painted the famous protrain of Napoleon's coronation. | 168 | |
| 20082604 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Written by the National Convention; declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others. | 169 | |
| 20082605 | Directory | Group fo five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon. | 170 | |
| 20082606 | Encyclopedie | Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society. | 171 | |
| 20082607 | Estates General | Not called since 1614; finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister; demanded control over the King's finances; he refused and dismissed them; sat as three segregated groups. | 172 | |
| 20082608 | Gabelle | Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France; included in the Estate's list of grievances. | 173 | |
| 20082609 | Girondists | One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. | 174 | |
| 20082610 | Great Fear | Followed the storming of the Bastille; people were scared of outlaws and reprisals; fanned flames of rebellion. | 175 | |
| 20082611 | Guillotine | Fast and relatively humane; used for mass executions. | 176 | |
| 20082612 | Intendants | Created by Napoleon; kept watch over their own area of France; allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems. | 177 | |
| 20082613 | Levee en Masse | Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army. | 178 | |
| 20082614 | Louis XVI | King of France; executed for treason by the National Convention; absolute monarch; husband of Marie Antoinette | 179 | |
| 20082615 | Marie Antoinette | Louis XVI's wife; executed. | 180 | |
| 20082616 | Robespierre | Member of the National Assembly; led the Mountains; began and led the Committee of Public Safety; began the Reign of Terror. | 181 | |
| 20082617 | Sans-culottes | Petty laborers and laboring poor; wore pants not knee breeches; became a major political group in revolutionary France. | 182 | |
| 20082618 | Tennis Court Oaths | Taken by the National Assembly; stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place. | 183 | |
| 20082619 | First Estate | Clergy | 184 | |
| 20082620 | Second Estate | Nobility | 185 | |
| 20082621 | Third Estate | Artisans, etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate. | 186 | |
| 20082622 | Thermidorean Reaction | A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed. | 187 | |
| 20082623 | Ancien Regime | The old order before the Revolution in France. | 188 | |
| 20082624 | Regicide | The killing of the king. | 189 | |
| 20082625 | Versailles | Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI. | 190 | |
| 20082626 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Man" and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women". | 191 | |
| 20082627 | Berlin Decree | 1806-issued by Napoleon; instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control. | 192 | |
| 20082628 | Joseph Bonaparte | Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War. | 193 | |
| 20082629 | Confederation of the Rhine | League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league colapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia. | 194 | |
| 20082630 | Continental System | (1806-12) French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign. | 195 | |
| 20082631 | The Grand Army | Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian camapgn. | 196 | |
| 20082632 | Louis XVIII | (1814-1824) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties. | 197 | |
| 20082633 | Napoleonic Code | Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed as reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat. | 198 | |
| 20082634 | Peninsula War | France was forces to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish. | 199 | |
| 20082635 | Plebiscite | A vote of the people. | 200 | |
| 20082636 | Rosetta Stone | Founded by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics. | 201 | |
| 20082637 | Talleyrand | French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French. | 202 | |
| 20082638 | Saint Helena | South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the battle of Waterloo. | 203 | |
| 20082639 | Trafalgar | (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed by invasion of Britain now became impossible. | 204 | |
| 20082640 | Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe. | 205 | |
| 20082641 | Castlereagh | British representative at Congress of Vienna. | 206 | |
| 20082642 | The Hundred Days | The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo. | 207 | |
| 20082643 | Sir Richard Arkwright | Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented. | 208 | |
| 20082644 | Jeremy Bentham | Believed that public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greated number. Wrote "Principles of Morals and Legislation". Majority rules. | 209 | |
| 20082645 | Edmund Cartwright | Inventor of the modern power loom. | 210 | |
| 20082646 | Chartism | Agitation against poor laws - working class discontent. | 211 | |
| 20082647 | Combination Acts | 1799 and 1800; made trade unionism illegal. | 212 | |
| 20082648 | The Communist Manifesto | Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; basis of Socialism. | 213 | |
| 20082649 | Corn Laws | 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well. | 214 | |
| 20082650 | Henry Cort | Refined pig iron, puddling furnace, heavy rolling mills. | 215 | |
| 20082651 | Benjamin Disraeli | British Conservative; extended vote to all middle class male workers; needed to broaden aristocratic voter basis. | 216 | |
| 20082652 | Friedrich Engels | "Condition of Working Class in England"; society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx. | 217 | |
| 20082653 | Factory Act 1833 | Created factory workday for children between 9-13, to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9. Factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit. | 218 | |
| 20082654 | Charles Fourier | French social theorist; criticized capitalism; wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. "Theory of Four Movements". | 219 | |
| 20082655 | James Hargreaves | About 1705 invented spinning jenny. | 220 | |
| 20082656 | Industrialization | New inventions, cotton and iron, changed small businesses beyond all recognition. | 221 | |
| 20082657 | John Kay | Inventor of flying shuttle (1773). | 222 | |
| 20082658 | Laissez-faire capitalism | Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay. | 223 | |
| 20082659 | Karl Marx | German; father of socialism; emancipation of women; "Communist Manifesto". | 224 | |
| 20082660 | Thomas Newcomen | 1705 invented steam engine that used coal; very inefficient. | 225 | |
| 20082661 | Robert Owen | Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony. | 226 | |
| 20082662 | Henry Palmerston | Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848. | 227 | |
| 20082663 | A People's Charter | Draft of reform bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections; 6 main points. | 228 | |
| 20082664 | Poor Law | 1834, gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers. | 229 | |
| 20082665 | First Reform Bill | 1832, modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs. | 230 | |
| 20082666 | Second Reform Bill | 1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters. | 231 | |
| 20082667 | Tory | Political party in Britain controled by aristocracy. | 232 | |
| 20082668 | Utopian Cosialism | Ideal society based on socialist ideals; Louis Blanc and Charles Fourrier. | 233 | |
| 20082669 | James Watt | Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power. | 234 | |
| 20082670 | Whig | British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. | 235 | |
| 20082671 | Alexander II | (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. | 236 | |
| 20082672 | Ausgleich, 1867 | Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary. | 237 | |
| 20082673 | "Blood and iron" | Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismark; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron". | 238 | |
| 20082674 | Bundesrat | The federal council of Austrian government. | 239 | |
| 20082675 | Count Camillo Cavour | Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy. | 240 | |
| 20082676 | Carbonari | A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots. | 241 | |
| 20082677 | Carlsbad Decrees | 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Mettermich. | 242 | |
| 20082678 | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution, written or unwritten. | 243 | |
| 20082679 | Ems Dispatch | A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. | 244 | |
| 20082680 | Franco-Prussian War | 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor. | 245 | |
| 20082681 | Frankfurt Assembly | 1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany. | 246 | |
| 20082682 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. | 247 | |
| 20082683 | Louis Kossuth | Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. | 248 | |
| 20082684 | Leopold II | 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa. | 249 | |
| 20082685 | Liberalism | The base ideas of liberty and equality. | 250 | |
| 20082686 | Magyars | In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry and the minority population. | 251 | |
| 20082687 | Giuseppe Mazzini | Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. | 252 | |
| 20082688 | Nationalism | Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence. | 253 | |
| 20082689 | Napoleon III | Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative gofernment and the ideals of nationalism. | 254 | |
| 20082690 | Panslavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. | 255 | |
| 20082691 | Pogroms | Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia. | 256 | |
| 20082692 | Realpolitik | Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian. | 257 | |
| 20082693 | Red Shirts | Volunteers in Garibaldi's army. | 258 | |
| 20082694 | Reichstag | Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power. | 259 | |
| 20082695 | Russification | Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people. | 260 | |
| 20082696 | Syllabus of Errors | 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state. | 261 | |
| 20082697 | Treaty of Frankfurt | The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany. | 262 | |
| 20082698 | Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. | 263 | |
| 20082699 | Zemstvos | Local assemblies in Russia. | 264 | |
| 20082700 | Zollverein | Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. | 265 | |
| 20082701 | Risorgimento | Italian period of history from 1815 to 1850. | 266 | |
| 20082702 | Grossdeutsch | Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans" | 267 | |
| 20082703 | Kleindeutsch | Little German Party at the Grankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans" | 268 | |
| 20082704 | Volksgeist | Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. | 269 | |
| 20082705 | Algeciras Conference | Conference provoked Germany; backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis. | 270 | |
| 20082706 | Imperialism | One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another. | 271 | |
| 20082707 | Belgian Congo | Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources. | 272 | |
| 20082708 | Boer War | English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good. | 273 | |
| 20082709 | East India Company | Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world. | 274 | |
| 20082710 | Congress of Berlin | Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. | 275 | |
| 20082711 | Fashoda Incident | Conflict in Africa between France and Britain. | 276 | |
| 20082712 | Cecil Rhodes | Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 277 | |
| 20082713 | Protectorate | Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs. | 278 | |
| 20082714 | Sphere of Influence | In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory. | 279 | |
| 20082715 | The White Man's Burden | 1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, critical about imperialism. | 280 | |
| 20082716 | Heart of Darkness | Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo. | 281 |
