Important key terms for European History 1300-Present
*Entering more as I go
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| 453660803 | Estates General *START CHAPTER 9* | the medieval French parliament consisting of three "estates," including clergy, nobility, and commoners | |
| 453660804 | John Ball the Priest & Wat Tyler the Journeyman | Long oppressed peasants and artisans banded together in a revolt lead by these two men -One was a secular priest and the other was a journeyman | |
| 453660805 | Black Death | the bubonic plague that killed about 1/2 of Western Europe most likely due to the Oriental Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) that rats from the Black Sea bore | |
| 453660806 | Decameron | a literary work by Giovanni Boccaccio which was composed of 100 vulgar tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence in 1348 -Both a stringing social commentary (sexual/economic misconduct) and a sympathetic look at human behavior | |
| 453660807 | Lollards & Hussites | -followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy -followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist | |
| 453660808 | Conciliarists | followers of the theory stating that General Councils were superior in authority to the pope & represented the whole body of the faithful | |
| 453660809 | Petrine Supremacy | the belief that Roman bishops were granted a special office by Jesus, and therefore held an important position within the church | |
| 453660810 | Holy Roman Empire | the revival of the old Roman Emipre, based mainly in Germany and northern Italy, that endured from 870-1806 | |
| 453660811 | Caesaropapism | the direct involvement of the ruler in religious doctrine and practice as if he were the head of the church as well as the state | |
| 453660812 | The Hundred Years War | the war that took place from 1337-1453 between the French and England primarily concerning the French throne | |
| 470231682 | Renaissance *START CHAPTER 10* | a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning and views of the world | |
| 470231683 | City-state | a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside | |
| 470231684 | Humanism | 1. A renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements 2. the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason 3. the cultural movement of the Renaissance based on classical studies | |
| 470231685 | Vernacular | The everyday language of people in a region or country. | |
| 470231686 | Florentine Academy | an informal gathering of humanists devoted to the revival and teachings of Plato, founded in 1462 under the leadership of Marsilio Ficino and the patronage of Cosimo de Medici | |
| 470231687 | Platonism | Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models | |
| 470231688 | Virtue | goodness conforming to the standard of moral excellence | |
| 470231689 | Christian Humanism | a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic church | |
| 476649463 | Masaccio | A Renaissance artist (1401-1428) who used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions and led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space, modeling, and anatomical correctness 1. The Tribute Money 2. Holy Trinity 3. Portrait of a Young Man | |
| 476649464 | Donatello | An Italian Renaissance artist (1386-1466) who was famous for his works and sculptures in bas-relief 1. Prophet Habacuc 2. The Feast of Herod 3. David | |
| 476649465 | DaVinci | An Italian Renaissance artist (1452-1519) who, as an archetype of the "Renaissance Man," was known for many famous paintings and works because of the ways he laid on the paint, the way that humans expressed emotion in them, and his well-educated brain 1. The Vitruvian Man 2. Mona Lisa 3. The Last Supper | |
| 476649466 | Michelangelo | An Italian Renaissance artist (1475-1564) who created some of the most famous works of art due to the amount of detail and output he put in each work 1. David 2. The Last Judgment 3. Pieta | |
| 476649467 | Raphael | An Italian Renaissance artist (1483-1520) who was famous for his clarity of form and ease of composition of his works of art 1. The Madonna of the Meadow 2. Deposition of Christ 3. The Parnassus | |
| 476649468 | Grunewald | A German Renaissance painter (1470-1528) who reintroduces Medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures are larger), combined with intense passion and drama; very religious painter 1. John the Evangelist 2. Isenheim Alterpiece 3. Crucifixion | |
| 476649469 | Durer | A German Renaissance painter () who made engravings and watercolor paintings, had an interest in self portraits, and made himself look Christ-like 1. Adam & Eve 2. Melencolia 1 3. Self-Portrait 1500 | |
| 476649470 | vanEyck | A Renaissance artist (1395-1441) who developed oil paint & created rich, realistic details in his work 1. Portrait of a Man in a Turban 2. Madonna of Chancellor Rolin 3. Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele | |
| 476649471 | Modern Devotion *START CHAPTER 11* | a religious movement founded by Gerard Groote which centered around people imitating Jesus and leading lives dedicated to serving others -Downplayed religious doctrine to make it a lifestyle, not a commitment | |
| 476649472 | Sale of Indulgences | the issue that initiated the Protestant Reformation where the Catholic Church let followers pay a fee to the Church so they could lessen their time in purgatory | |
| 476649473 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door which questioned the Roman Catholic Church and certain activities such as baptism and the sacrament -This act began the Reformation | |
| 476649474 | Anabaptists | In the reformation, a member of the protestant group that believed in baptizing only those people who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state | |
| 476649475 | Augsburg Confession | creed in Lutheranism; it states the Reformers' position that it not only became the most important Lutheran confession but also the foundation of most other Protestant creeds | |
| 476649476 | Schmalkaldic League | protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire | |
| 476649477 | Peace of Augsburg | Agreement in 1555 declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler | |
| 476649478 | Act of Supremacy 1534 | Henry VIII called on the people to take an oath to recognize the annulment/divorce and accept Henry, NOT the Pope, as the official head of the English Church | |
| 476649479 | Act of Uniformity 1549 | An Act passed by Elizabeth I to establish the Book of Common Prayer, which was a moderate form of Protestantism, a drastic change from the previous ruling of Mary I. This Act completed the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and allowed English citizens to practice religion separately from the Catholic Church. This, at first, started an uprising of English Catholic Citizens, which made up but a small minority at the end of Elizabeth's reign. | |
| 476649480 | Society of Jesus | A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work | |
| 476649481 | Council of Trent | The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants | |
| 476649482 | Protestant | A baptized Christian who believes in Christ but who does not accept all the teachings of the Catholic Church. Protestant communities first came into existence during the Reformation in the 16th century. | |
| 476649483 | Indulgences | the act that the followers of the Catholic Church committed to where they would pay money to the church to lessen their time, or someone else's time, in purgatory | |
| 476649484 | Transubstantiation | the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist | |
| 476649485 | "Justification by Faith" | Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation | |
| 476649486 | Martin Luther | Leader of the reformation that was excommunicated by the Catholic church due to his opposition to certain practices -Wrote the 95 Theses in 1519 | |
| 476649487 | Peasants' Revolt | 1524: German peasants inspired by Luther to make an uprising by raiding, pillaging, and burning; Luther urged German princes to crush revolt; princes killed 100,000 people | |
| 476649488 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the Pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany. | |
| 494741866 | Huguenots *START CHAPTER 12* | French Protestants influenced by John Calvin | |
| 494741867 | Politique | A ruler who puts the interests of his or her country before his or her personal needs, such as religion -Examples include Henry IV (France) and Elizabeth I (England) | |
| 494741868 | Edict of Nantes | document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots | |
| 494741869 | Mary vs. Elisabeth of England | Daughters of Henry VIII and A -"Bloody ____" saught for religious control in all things, and killed hundreds of Protestants in the process -____ was searching more for religious equality, and did not marry, but kept many close allies -Latter is considered one of the greatest rulers of all time, and was played twice by Cate Blanchett in two movies | |
| 494741870 | Treaty of Westphalia 1648 | -Ended the Thirty Years War -Stated that the ruler would determine the land's official religion of their country, city, land, etc. -Gave Calvinists legal recognition | |
| 494741871 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572 | |
| 494741872 | Paris is Worth a Mass | The reason Henry IV gave when he converted to Catholicism | |
| 494741873 | William of Orange | Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution | |
| 494741874 | "Defenestration" at Prague | Ferdinand wished to restore traditional faith to Bohemia (Catholicism) so he revokes the religious rights of Protestants. The Protestant nobility of Prague responded by throwing Ferdinand's regents out the window, whom survived by landing in manure. | |
| 494741875 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | |
| 494741876 | Bernini | -An Italian sculptor and architect of the Baroque period in Italy -Known for designing many churches, chapels, tombs, and fountains 1. Apollo & Daphne 2. The Ecstacy of St. Theresa 3. The Fountain of the Four Rivers | |
| 494741877 | Rubens | -Leading Flemish Baroque painter -In his work can be seen a synthesis of many Renaissance and Baroque painters 1. Elevation of the Cross 2. The Three Graces 3. Hippopotamus Hunt | |
| 494741878 | Titian | A Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings 1. The Death of Actaeon 2. Assumption of the Virgin 3. Pieta | |
| 494741879 | Frans Hals | A Dutch artist who created portraits of everyday life, embodied the spirit of the Dutch people 1. Laughing Cavalier 2. Gipsy Girl 3. Jester with a Lute | |
| 494741880 | Rembrandt | -Dutch painter who painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus -Considered one of the most important European painters in history 1. The Storm on the Sea of Galilee 2. The Three Crosses 3. Bathsheba | |
| 494741881 | Poussin | -Considered one of the finest examples of French classicist painters -Spent all but eighteen months of his creative life in Rome because he found the atmosphere in Paris uncongenial -Deeply attached to classical antiquity -Highest aim of painting was to represent noble actions in a logical and orderly, but not a realistic, way 1. Et in Arcadia ego 2. The Crossing of the Red Sea 3. The Four Seasons | |
| 494741882 | Lorrain | A French Baroque painter who was influental with his landscape styles 1. Harbor at Sunset 2. Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia 3. Village Fête | |
| 510735559 | Balance of Power *START CHAPTER 13* | The policy beginning in the eighteenth century in which the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful | |
| 510735560 | Absolutism | a political system where a ruler holds total power | |
| 510735561 | Parliamentary Monarchy | a system of Monarchy where kings were partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | |
| 510735562 | Rump Parliament | Parliament controlled by Oliver Cromwell that abolished the monarchy and proclaimed England a republic | |
| 510735563 | Whigs/Tories | the two parties in the Parliament W: were mostly liberal and wanted change T: wanted to keep the government as it was | |
| 510735564 | Long Parliament | English Parliament which met off and on for twenty years due to religious and civil problems | |
| 510735565 | Clarendon Codes/Test Act 1673 | 1. Parliament affirmatives excluded Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from positions in English society 2. requires royal official to swear an oath that they were Anglican -Group of English statutes, series of laws that served as religious tests | |
| 510735566 | Act of Settlement 1701 | Proclaimed that no Catholic could become king of England | |
| 510735567 | Stadtholder | -Dutch hereditary chief executive -A hereditary chief executor over provinces in Holland -Steward or lieutenant Ex: William III of Orange (1650-1702) | |
| 510735568 | Glorious Revolution of 1689 | the overthrowing of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange | |
| 510735569 | Episcopal vs. Presbyterian Church Government | 1. included bishops under the monarch's control, and was supported by Elizabeth 2. favored by Puritans, had representatives instead of bishops, and was semi-autonomous (less power to the monarch) | |
| 510735570 | Act of Union 1707 | -an act that unified England and Scotland -the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire | |
| 510735571 | Robert Walpole | First prime minister of England | |
| 510735572 | One king, one law, one faith | -the slogan during the reign of Louis XIV, who believed in being the absolute ruler and controlling everything -AKA: Un roi, une loi, une foi | |
| 510735573 | Intendants | -imposed by Louis XIV -law officials who collected taxes and administered justice, and were cause of much discontent -took power from nobles and consolidated power of the King | |
| 510735574 | Cardinal Mazarin | -Prime minister of France who worked to increase France's power -Many people hated him because of his harsh policies | |
| 510735575 | Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | -Part of Louis XIV's efforts to have France have only one religion -He closed Huguenot churches and schools, banned all their public activities, and exiled those who refused to embrace the state religion | |
| 510735576 | Treaty of Utrecht | -Ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe -Prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns -Ended French expansionist policy, ended the Golden Age of Spain, and vastly expanded the British Empire | |
| 510735577 | Colbert | a finance minister under Louis XIV that applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue | |
| 510735578 | Mississippi Bubble | -Organized by John Law -made France's economy break | |
| 510735579 | Parlement | French body that had the right to approve the legality of an act but could not legislate | |
| 510735580 | Cardinal Fleury | a French chief minister who tried to solve France's financial problems but was unable to due to the War of Austrian Succesion | |
| 510735581 | Liberum Veto | -The rule in the Polish parlement that a unanimous vote must occur for the government to act -Weakened Poland and made it's government ineffective -Made it easy to take over by both Prussia and Austria | |
| 510735582 | Pragmatic Sanction | -The act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided -Made in order to allow his daughter to be ruler | |
| 510735583 | Junkers | Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism | |
| 510735584 | Boyars | -Russian landholding aristocrats -Possessed less political power than their western European counterparts | |
| 510735585 | Hohenzollerns | -The house that ruled Prussia -Gradually won control over the Brandenburg through marriages, giving them control of German principalities in central and western Germany | |
| 510735586 | Romanovs | Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries | |
| 510735587 | Window on the West | -St. Petersburg was considered this by Peter the Great -Russia's most European city | |
| 510735588 | Administrative Colleges | Swedish institutions created by Peter the Great of Prussia to oversee the collection of taxes, foreign relations, economic affairs, and war affairs | |
| 510735589 | Millets | Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their own religions | |
| 510735590 | Janissares | Christian boys who were captured by Ottomans and trained as elite soldiers | |
| 510735591 | Shari'a | the code of law derived from the Koran and the teachings/examples of Mohammed | |
| 520000678 | Nicolas Copernicus *START CHAPTER 14* | (1473-1543) concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system. Heliocentric Theory or ____ Theory. He wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" | |
| 520000679 | Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. | |
| 520000680 | Johannes Kepler | (1571-1630), proved Copernicus's theory using Brahe's data, he took all the data that Tycho Brahe collected and used it to calculate the orbits of the planets - helping to prove that the sun was at the center, and showing that planets did not move in perfect circles | |
| 520000681 | Galileo Galilei | (1564-1642) improved telescope, discovered imperfections in space (moons of jupiter, mountains on moon, rings of saturn), made people think the universe was bigger | |
| 520000682 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1747) scientific method English scientist who formulate the laws of motion and mechanics, especially the concept of universal gravitation, challenging the traditional notion that the heavens and the earth operate according to separate laws | |
| 520000683 | Hobbes | (1588-1679) An English royalist who tutored the future King Charles II in France during the English Civil War. He wrote Leviathan and argued in favor of absolute monarchy due to the evil state of nature of humans. Angered other royalists and supporters of Parliament. | |
| 520000684 | Margaret Cavendish | (1623-1673) Duchess of Newcastle, England, was considered the most accomplished woman in 17th century England. Studied natural philosophy, the new science, and the ideas of Descartes and Hobbes. Her works included "Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy"(1666), "The Grounds of Natural Philosophy"(1668), "Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World"(1666). | |
| 520000685 | Maria Winklemann | (1670-1720) Artisan-class, female astronomer who worked with her husband, Gottfried Kirch, although she was brilliant by herself, and discovered her own comet in 1702! She applied to work at the Berlin Observatory after Kirch's death, but was denied on gender basis, which is so not fair. | |
| 520000686 | Locke | (1632-1704) English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience | |
| 520000687 | Rene Descarte | (1596-1650) Deductive thinker whose famous saying "cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures. | |
| 520000688 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. | |
| 520000689 | Blaise Pascal | (1623 - 1662) He had great influence on the french enlightenment and combined philosophy, reason, and roman Catholicism. | |
| 520000690 | Caravaggio | (1573-1610) Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light | |
| 520000691 | Bernini | (1598-1680) The papacy's official baroque artist. Sculpted Ecstasy of St. Teresa of Avila, tombs for the popes, and a large statue of Constantine. Famous for square facing St. Peters Basilica and its freestanding Colonnades. | |
| 520000692 | Peter Paul Rubens | (1577 - 1640) outstanding and most representative of baroque painters; devout Catholic |
