*warning, my grammar here is really bad, and i'm too lazy to go back and change it*
Intellectual time inspired by Newton and Locke whose idea combined to emphasize reason and the scientific Method. philosophes were very passionate about tolerance, reason, freedom and thought and what not, but often worked under pseudonyms because of censorship. The religious part was expemplified by Voltaire, who called to crush the infamous thing- religious intolerance. He also believed in Diesm, as did most philosophes. Women during that time were still handicapped by man's supposed discovery that men were physically superior, but diderot and Voltaire, the latter especially, believed that men and women werent that different. Mary Astell's "Serious Proposal to the Ladies" argued that women need to be better educated, and "reflections upon marriage" said the sexes should be equal in marriage. Education during the time was elitist, and many philosophes didnt want to merge the classes, but have education keep them seperate. In Germany, Realschule was one of the first to be focused on practical education for little boys. Entertainmetn during the time was focused on taverns and alcohol. Also, literacy increased during the time with the help of Hannah More, who educated the poor. Jews were also persecuted during the time as the despised minority, enlightened thinkers including Joseph II of Austria, but there were still pogroms. That's about it, sorry its so long but hey, its better than reading the whole chapter.
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| 347904055 | Immanuel Kant | declared the motto of the enlightenment to be "dare to know" and defined the Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity". a professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of the age, argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would follow-suggested that Prussia's Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he permitted freedom of press | |
| 347904056 | Bernard de Fontenelle | Secretary of the French Royal Academy of science, bridged gap between Scientific Revolution and the philosophes. "Philosophy of Worlds" -intimate conversation between aristocrat and her lover under the stars | |
| 347904057 | Pierre Bayle | displayed the skepticism about religion during the time, seeing it as an enemy of scientific progress. Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism. Individual conscience should determine one's actions. "Historical and Critical Dictionary" or just "Dictionary" which attacked traditional religious practices and heroes and was considered the "bible of the eighteenth century" | |
| 347904058 | John Locke | along with Isaac newton intellectually inspired the Enlightenment. "Essay concerning Human Understanding" denied Descartes' beliefs in innate ideas. tabula rasa. Our knowldge comes from environment, not heredity, and from reason, not faith. | |
| 347904059 | philosophes | French term for intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Social reformers. Made the Enlightenment an international, cosmopolitan movement, with paris at its capital. Emphasized reason and bettering society, worked in an atmosphere of censorship | |
| 347904060 | Montesquieu | "Persian Letters" critisized French Institutions especially Catholic Church and French Monarchy through a conversation of two persians discussing Also wrote "The Spirit of Laws" emphasized checks and balances by seperation of powers and an equal reign of all branches | |
| 347904061 | Voltaire | "philosophic letters on the english" critisized France-royal absolutism and lack of religious toleration- by praising England. "treatise on toleration" CRUSH THE INFAMOUS THING (religious fanaticism, intolerance and superstition) | |
| 347904062 | Calas Affair | religious intolerance case in france where a Protestant man murdered his own son to keep him from converting to Catholicism, later it was proved that the son commited sucide but the affair angered Voltaire | |
| 347904063 | Diderot | "Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades" attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration as well as a program for social, legal, and political improvements that would lead to a more cosmopolitan, tolerant, humane, reasonable society. | |
| 347904064 | Physiocrats | leader: Francois Quesnay, claimed that thye would discover the natural economic laws that goverend human society. Land constitutes the only source of wealth amd the wealth can only be increased by agriculture. Laissez Faire, let the people do as they choose. | |
| 347904065 | Adam Smith | "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" or "The Wealth of Nations", strong attack on mercantalism- condemned tariffs. Labor theory of value- labor is the source of wealth for a nation. Govt should not interfere in anything but army, police and public works. Foundation for economic liberalism | |
| 347904066 | Rousseau | Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people. | |
| 347904067 | Salons | popular hosts: Marie-Therese de Geoffrin and The Marquise de Deffrand. Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, that provided a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts among supporters of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. These informal gatherings gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-dominated universities and afforded an opportunity to test ideas or present unpublished works. | |
| 347904068 | Freemasons | secret society in london, sympathetic ot ideas of philisophes | |
| 347904069 | Rococo | fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century. Grace and getnle action, curves and natural objects. Antoine Watteau- lyrical views of aristocratic life used this style | |
| 347904070 | Balthasar Neumann | a Rococo artist (mixed slightly with baroque influence) whose two masterpieces were the pilgramage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (The Fourteen Saints) and the Bishop's Palace | |
| 347904071 | Neoclassicism | A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. Jaques Lois David- "Oath of the Horatii" | |
| 347904072 | Bach | Born in 1685 in Germany, studied music all his life, traveled and brought new music ideas to the church, Baroque style: complex and multilayered. Wrote in honor of God | |
| 347904073 | Handel | (1685-1759) Baroque musician;stormy international career;wrote a lot of secular music but probably best known for his religious music (Messiah) | |
| 347904074 | Haydn | "The Creation" and "The Seasons"---He wrote 104 symphonies and when he visited England, he wrote concerts for the public. "The Creation" and "The Seasons" are both dedicated to the common people. | |
| 347904075 | Mozart | "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni," and "The Magic Flute" grace, precision and emotion- miserable life due to his inability to find a permanent patron | |
| 347904076 | Cesare Beccaria | "on crimes and punishments"; argued that punishment should serve as a deterrent, not an excercise in brutality | |
| 347905973 | Carnival | time before lent, time of great indulgence- food, maet, delicacies, heavy drinking, intense sexual activity, also agression and violence | |
| 347905974 | Pietism | This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs | |
| 347905975 | John Wesley | Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community | |
| 347911450 | Diesm | religious idea shared by most philosophes based on the newtonian world machine, god was a mechanic who left the world to operate on its natural laws. God did not interfere because of prayers or anything like that. | |
| 347911451 | Mary Wollenstoncraft | founder of Feminism in "vinditcation of the Rights of women" showed how thinking women were inferior was against enlightened ideals |
