A set of flashcards for the most important terms in unit 3 (consisting of ch. 18, 19, & 20).
Terms : Hide Images
| 558136647 | Aristotelian World- View (geocentric theory) | 10 crystalline spheres moved around the earth in perfect circular paths. Stated that earth was motionless & static at the center of the universe | |
| 558136648 | Copernican Hypothesis (heliocentric theory) | Copernicus postulated that the earth revolved around the sun and that the sun was the center of the universe | |
| 558136649 | Inductive Reasoning/ Empiricism | Belief that knowledge only comes from primary or sensory experience. FrancisBacon was very inductive | |
| 558136650 | Deductive Reasoning/ Rationalism | Belief that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. Rene Descartes was very deductive | |
| 558136651 | Nicholas Copernicus | Astronomer; challenged geocentric theory with heliocentric theory | |
| 558136652 | Johannes Keppler | Mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer; best known for his laws of planetary motion | |
| 558136653 | Galileo Galilei | Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; Discovered laws of motion | |
| 558136654 | Isaac Newton | Physicist, mathematician, and astronomer; integrated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo into a whole theory as to why everything revolves around the sun. Created the law of universal gravity | |
| 558136655 | Francis Bacon | Philosopher; Advocated empirical, experimental research. Very inductive. Wrote 2 books: "Novum Organum" (1620) & "The Advancement of Learning" (1605) | |
| 558136656 | Rene Descartes | Philosopher, mathematician, and writer; Emphasized deductive reasoning. Argued that everything had to be proven. Doubled all authorities and knowledge until proven. Wrote "Discourse on Method" (1637) | |
| 558136657 | Enlightenment | 18th century philosophical movement stressing the importance of reason and the critical reappraisal of existing ideas and social institutions. The Overriding idea of the enlightenment was that natural science and reason can explain all aspects of life. | |
| 558136658 | Baron de Montesquieu | Separation of Powers theory. Believed that no one government system worked for everyone and that the political system was based on the people. | |
| 558136659 | Voltaire | Was deist; Believed in a god who created the planet, set it in motion, then left it alone | |
| 558136660 | Philosophes | French enlightenment thinkers or intellectuals | |
| 558136661 | John Locke | Believed everyone was born as a blank canvas and all knowledge comes from experience. His essay "New Understanding" rivaled Newtons principles. | |
| 558136662 | Tabula Rasa | John Locke's theory that all humans are born without built in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience. They are born a blank canvas. | |
| 558136663 | Rousseau | Believes that people, in a state of nature, were virtuous, free, and happy and that civilization ruined it. Wrote "Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind" (1749), "Emile" (1762), and "The Social Contract" (1762). | |
| 558136664 | Enlightened Absolutism | A form of absolute monarchy in which rulers were influenced by the enlightenment. Monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment. | |
| 558136665 | Fredrick II (The Great) of Prussia | King of Prussia in the Hohenzollern dynasty. Allowed religious freedon and promoted education and legal reform. | |
| 558136666 | Catherine The Great of Russia | Empress of Russia. German by birth; Deposed her husband and took over as Empress. Imported western culture to Russia and supported the philosophes. Domestic reforms included: Reduction in torture, religious toleration, attempts to improve education and local government | |
| 558136667 | Joseph II | Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790) and ruler of the Habsburg lands (1780-1790). Introduced reforms such as promoting religious toleration of Jews and Protestants and abolished serfdom. | |
| 558136668 | Maria Theresa of Austria | Austrian ruler. Habsburg (last of the house). Started reforms to make state stronger including: Limiting papal influence, administrative reforms to strengthen the bureaucracy, reforming the tax system, and reducing the power of the lords over the serfs. | |
| 558136669 | Agriculture Revolution | The use of more complex systems of crop rotation increased cultivation. Grain crops were alternated with nitrogen- storing crops. Open Field system was ended by "enclosing" the fields. Enclosure movement meant an end to common lands and the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive. | |
| 558136670 | Enclosure Movement | When the open field system was ended by "enclosing" the fields. Movement meant an end to common lands and to the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive. | |
| 558136671 | English Navigation Acts | Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies. | |
| 558136672 | Cottage Industry | Putting-out system: merchants loaned, or "put out", raw materials to workers who then processed the materials and returned the finished goods to the merchants. The system grew because it had competitive advantages. | |
| 558136673 | Adam Smith | Scottish political economist and philosopher. His "inquiry on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of the Nations" (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez- Faire and founder of "invisible hand" | |
| 558136674 | Edward Jenner | English physician and scientist. Often called "father of immunology". Pioneer of smallpox vaccine. |
