AP Bio Evolution Test
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| 655934327 | morphological species concept | each species is defined by distinct physical characteristics advantage: species concept is that it can be used to diagnose new species in the fossil record disadvantage: some trait differences are subtle | |
| 655934328 | phylogenetic species concept | states that an evolutionary family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor advantage: does not rely on morphological traits to define species | |
| 655934329 | biological species concept | members of one species interbreed and have a shared gene pool, and each species is reproductively isolated from other species advantage: can designate species even when trait differences may be difficult to find disadvantage: this concept cannot be applied to asexually producing organisms, fossils, or species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another | |
| 655934330 | reproductive isolating mechanisms | for two species to be separate, gene flow must not occur between them any structural, functionl, or behavioral characteristic that prevents successful reproduction from occuring | |
| 655934331 | prezygotic isolating mechanisms | anatomical or behavioral differences between members of two species that prevent mating or make it unlikely fertilization will take place if mating occurs. | |
| 656237114 | Habitat isolation | occurs when two species occupy different habitats, even within the same geographic range, so that they are less likely to meet and to attempt to reproduce (prezygotic) | |
| 656237115 | temporal isolation | occurs when two species live in the same location, but each reproduces at a different time of year, so they do not attempt to mate (prezygotic) | |
| 656237116 | behavioral isolation | results from differences in mating behavior between two species (prezygotic) | |
| 656237117 | mechanical isolation | the result of differences between two species in reproductive structures or other body parts, so that mating is prevented (prezygotic) | |
| 656237118 | gamete isolation | includes incompatibility of gametes of two different species so they cannot fuse to form a zygote; an egg may have receptors only for the sperm of its own species or a plant stigma prevents copletion of pollination (prezygotic) | |
| 656237119 | Postzygotic isolating mechanisms | prevent development of a hybrid after mating has taken place | |
| 656237120 | Hybrid inviability | when hybrids do not live to reproduce (postzygotic) | |
| 656237121 | Hybrid sterility | occurs when the hybrid offspring are sterile ex: mules (postzygotic) | |
| 656237122 | hybrids | offspring of parents of two different species | |
| 656237123 | modes of speciation | the splitting of one species into two or more species (caldogenesis) or the transformation of one species into a new species (anagenesis) | |
| 656237124 | cladogenesis | the splitting of one species into two more species | |
| 656237125 | anagenesis | the transformation of one species into a new species | |
| 656237126 | allopatric speciation | when new species result from populations being separated by a geographical barrier that prevents their members from reproducing each other | |
| 656237127 | sympatric speciation | occurs when members of a single population develop a genetic difference (e.g. chromosome number) that prevenst them from reproducing with the parent type | |
| 656237128 | polyploid | eukaryote with three or more complete sets of chromosomes -predominately seen in plants -can reproduce with itself but not with the 2n population -sympatric selection | |
| 656237129 | autoploidy | occurs when a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nodisjunction during meiosis -triploid (3n) plant is sterile because chromosomes cannot pair during meiosis -if 2 diploid gametes fuse, the plant is a tretraploid (4n) and the plant is fertile, so long as it reproduces with another of its own kind -sympatric speciation | |
| 656237130 | alloploidy | requires 2 different but related species of plants to hybridize -when hybridization occurs, it is followed by chromosome doubling -ex: wheat plant used to produced bread, the parents of present day wheat had 28 and 14 chromosomes so the hybrid with 21 chromosomes is sterile, but bread wheat with 43 chromosomes is fertile since the chromosomes can pair during meiosis -sympatric speciation | |
| 656237131 | adaptive radiation | a type of allopatric speciation and occurs when a single ancestral species gives rise to a variety of species, each adapted to a specific environment ex: Darwin's finches - 13 species from 1 founder mainland finch ex: Hawaiian Islands - wide variety of honeycreepers descended from one goldfinch-like ancestor; silversword plants that radiated from ancestral tarweeds fit into different niches | |
| 656237132 | ecological niches | where a species lives and how it interacts with other species | |
| 656237133 | convergent evolution | similar biological trait evolves in two unrelated species as a result of exposure to similar environments - analogous traits | |
| 656237134 | analogous traits | those that evolve convergently in two unrelated lineages because of a response to a similar lifestyle or habitat (marsupials and flying squirrels) | |
| 656237135 | coevolution | cases where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution ex: pollinators/flowers; predator/prey; pathogenes/immune systems | |
| 656237136 | macroevolution | evolution of a new species and higher levels of classification -gradualistic model -punctuated equilibrum model | |
| 656237137 | gradualistic model | of macroevolution - speciation occurs after populations become isolated, with each group continuing slowly on its own evolutionary pathway - in this model, ancestral species gradually gives rise to two separate species | |
| 656237138 | punctuated equilibrium model | periods of equilbrium (no change) are puncuated (or interrupted) by speciation - suggests that transitional links are less likely to become fossils and less likely to be found | |
| 656237139 | homeotic genes | bring about radical changes in body shapes and organs - Pax6 genes involved in eye formation in all organisms - Finches: gene for bone morphogenic protein 4 (Bmp4) determines how deep or tall the beak will be. The gene from calmodulin (CaM) regulates how long a beak will grow | |
| 656237140 | Homeotic (HOX) | determine the locatin of repeated structures in all vertebrat - bring changes in body shapes and organs - despite millions of years of diveregent evolution, all animals share the same developmental control switches - control the number and appearances of repeated structures along the main body axes of vertebrtates | |
| 656237141 | heterochrony | a change in the timing of developmental events for example, a change in timing might slow down the development of one body part/region | |
| 656237142 | allometric growth | when some part of the organism grows at a different rate from teh rest of the organism during development ex: for example, neck vertebrae of fetal giraffees must grow at a faster rate than the rest of their body | |
| 656237143 | paedomorphosis | retention by an organism of juvenile or even larval traits into later life ex: Human flat face when compared to that of chimps | |
| 656237144 | Macroevolution is not goal-oriented | the trends een in the evolution of horses are: overall size, toe reduction, change in tooth size and shape. But its not straight-line evolution as seen through fossils but a thick bush. Adaptation occurs because the members of a population with an advantage are able to have more offspring | |
| 656237145 | systematic biology | study of understanding the evolutionary history of life on Earth and uses traits to infer the evolutionary relationships among organism | |
| 656237146 | taxonomy | branch of bio identifying, naming, classifying organisms | |
| 656237147 | classification | process of naming and assigning organisms or groups of organism to a taxon | |
| 656237148 | Linnean Taxonomy | binomial nomenclature (scientific name) classifcation hierarchy - species, genus, family, order, class phylum, kingdom, domain | |
| 656237149 | binomial system | two part Latin name (scientific name) genes and then species both names are italicized or underlined, first letter of genus is capitalized | |
| 656237150 | phylogeny | evolutionary history of a groupd of organisms classification reflects phylogney | |
| 656237151 | derived character | present only in a specific line of descent | |
| 656237152 | ancestral characteristics | traits shared by the ancestor and the species in its lines of descent | |
| 656237153 | cladistics | analyze primitive and derived characteristics and constructs cladograms on the basis of shared derived characteristics | |
| 656237154 | cladogram | diagram that shows relationships among species based on shared, derived characters: a cladogram thus traces evoutionary history of the group being studied | |
| 656237155 | clade | evolutionary branch that includes a common ancestor and all its descendent species | |
| 656237156 | node | point where 2 lineages intersect and represent a shared common ancestor | |
| 656237157 | root | origin of species's shared ancestry | |
| 656237158 | extinction | an exinct taxon is represented by a shortened branch on the phylogenetic tree | |
| 656237159 | monophyletic group | also known as a clade, a group of species and their common ancestor | |
| 656237160 | parisomny | minimum number of assumptions is most logical and the best cladogram is one with the fewest nmber of shared derived charcteristics left unexplained or minimizes the number of evolutionary changes | |
| 656237161 | homology | character similarity that stems from common ancestry | |
| 656237162 | homologous structures | related to each other through common descent but my differ in structure and function (ex: forelimbs of horse and wings of bat) | |
| 656237163 | molecular traits | each distinct lineage accumulates changes in DNA base pair sequences and amino acid sequences in proteins over time -protein comparison/amino acid sequences (cytochrome c) -molecular clocks - nucleic acids are not tied to adaptation, fossil record can be used to calibarte the clock and confirm molecular data - DNA barcoding could catalogue biodiversity | |
| 656237164 | LUCA | last universal common ancestor First Traits: -metabolism - first protocells may have used preformed ATP but natural selection would favor cells that could extract energy from carbohydrates to transform ADP to ATP *glycolysis *hetertroph - if fermenter living on organic molecules in organic soup *if evolved in hydrothermal vents then could have been chemosynthetic and autotrphs *anaerobic - no free O2 so must have been able to perform fermentation --prokaryotic --unicellular --asexual | |
| 656237165 | Stages of origin of life | 1. evolution of monomers 2. evolution of polymers 3. evolution of protocells/protobiont 4. evolution of self-replication system | |
| 656237166 | Evolution of monomers | hypothesis 1: monomers cam from reactions in atmosphere - Primordial soup hypothesis (Oparin/Haldane) - (miller/Urey) showed experimentally that methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water reacted to produce small organic molcules (amino acids, organic acids) hypothesis 2: monomers came from reaction in ocean thermal vents (iron-sulfur world) - thermal vents emit carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide...iron and nickle sulfide act as catalysts for inorganic --> organic molecules hypothesis 3: monomers from outer space (Panspermia) -comets and meteorites, with organic chemicals, have pelted Earth | |
| 656237167 | evolution of polymers | hypothesis 1: iron-sulfur world hypothesis -minerals have charged surface that attracts amino acids and provides electrons so they bond hypothesis 2: protein-first hypothesis (Sidney Fox) - amino acids collected in shallow puddles along rocky shore; heat of sun caused them to form proteinoids (small polypeptides that have some catalytic properties) hypothesis 3: RNA-first hypothesis- only the macromolecule RNA was needed at the beginning to lead to the first cell - RNA can be both a substrate and an enzyme (Cech) and would carr out processes of life associated with DNA (in genes) and protein enzymes | |
| 656237168 | Evolution of Protocells/ protobiont | would have a lipid-protein membrane and carry on metabolism 1. Fox showed that if lipids are made available to microspheres, lipids become associated with microspeheres producing a lipid-protein membarne and when go to water, form microspheres of protein which assumes DNA genes cam after protein enzymes; DNA replication needs protein enzymes 2. Oparin showed a protocell could have developed form Coacervate droplets (sperical units that spontaneously form when concentrated mixtures of macromolecules are hled in right temperature, ionic composition, pH..) 3 limosomes - lipids would naturally organize themselves into doulbe-layerd bubbles -membrane first hypothesis - first cell had to have a plasma membrane before any other parts | |
| 656237169 | evolution of a self-replication system | in living systems, information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, and its possible this developed in stages -RNA-first hypothesis - first genes and enzymes were RNA molecules and they would have directed and carried out protein synthesis, ribozymes are RNA that acts as enzymes, retroviruses have reverse transcriptase and could have given rise to first DNA -protein first hypothesis - only after protocell develops complex enzymes could it form nucleic acids from small molecules, because it is complicated, so the chance that RNA arose on its own is minimal | |
| 656237170 | Earth formed | 4.6 bya | |
| 656237171 | first cell | 3.8 bya | |
| 656237172 | Precambrian | 87% of geological time scale - early bacteria resembling those in hot springs today -3.46 bya photosynthetic prokaryotic cells appear, oxygen from photosynthesis caused atmosphere to become oxidizing rather than reducing and by 2 bya, anearobic prokaryotes declined -O2 forms ozone or O3 in upper atmosphere to block UV rays and allow organisms to live on land -stromatolites - cyanobacteria | |
| 656237173 | Endosymbiotic theory | Eukaryote cells (2.1 bya) nucleated cells engulfed prokaryotes which became organells evidence: - mitochondria/chloroplast same size as bacteria, have own DNA and make some of own proteins, divide by binary fission, outer membrane differe from inner which is bacteria like - ssu-rRNA seuqences of the organelle ribosomes are similar to that of bacteria; organelle DNA is circular and lacks introns | |
| 656237174 | Multicellularity Arises | multiple times 600-545 MYA, and were soft bodied early invertebrates | |
| 656237175 | Cambrian Animals | saw invertebrates diversify | |
| 656237176 | continental driftt | during permean period, Pangea, and explains geological characteristics of earth and unique fossil distribution and distinct mammals on different continents | |
| 656237177 | mass extinctions | 5 Mass extinctions - Cretaceous: asteroid that explodes producing meteorites striking Earth (layer of iridium soot in correct strata, huge crater in gulf of mexico) -permian - 90% of ocean species and 70% of land species disappeared due to excess co2 due to change in ocean circulation from lack of polar ice |
