evolution
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| 85224084 | microevolution | evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies | |
| 85224085 | microevolution | is how new species are formed | |
| 85224086 | microevolution | A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation. | |
| 85224087 | macroevolution | large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time | |
| 85224088 | macroevolution | the patterns that determine phylogeny | |
| 85224089 | phylogeny | (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms | |
| 85224090 | lamarck | proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species | |
| 85224091 | natural selection | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | |
| 85224092 | neo darwinism/modern synthesis | incorporating the idea of genetics | |
| 85224093 | evidence for evolution | Paleontology:fossil record, Biogeography:geographical distribution of species (species from different places seem to have the same traits), comparative anatomy:analogous structures and homologous structures.embryology: Similar in ontogeny, molecular biology similar genes in related species. | |
| 85224094 | Paleontology | the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains evidence | |
| 85224095 | biogeography | dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants, shows species that have no genetic relation that live in similar areas have similar development. evidence | |
| 85224096 | embryology | the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms, many related species have similar development :evidence | |
| 85224097 | comparative anatomy | the study of anatomical features of animals of different species: evidence | |
| 85224098 | molecular biology | The study of sequence data (nucleotides, peptides) for common biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins and how these sequences differ among species evidence | |
| 85224099 | evidence for natural selection | populations have enormous amount of reproduction potential. This potential is much larger than the environment can support | |
| 85224100 | evidence for natural selection | Populations reproduce in greater number than the resources can support. As a result species compete for the limited resources. | |
| 85224101 | evidence for natural selection | species are in competition for limited resorces and they compete for survival | |
| 85224102 | evidence for natural selection | There is genetic variation between the individuals competing for limited resources. | |
| 85224103 | evidence for natural selection | The individuals are competing for limited resources,they have genetic variation between them which gives some individuals an advatage over others. This variation is inheritable. | |
| 85224104 | evidence for natural selection | The genetic variation is inheritable and only the individuals that have the prefered gene reproduce and pass on there phenotypes | |
| 85224105 | evidence for natural selection | enormous reproduction potential is greater than the environments ability to support all offspring. Individuals with inheitable genetic variation are in competition with each other over the limited resorces. only the fit survive and pass on genotypes and over time these prefered genes accumulate in the environment. | |
| 85224106 | stabilizing selection | Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes | |
| 85224107 | directional selection | occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait | |
| 85224108 | disruptive selection | natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait | |
| 85224109 | sexual selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. | |
| 85224110 | artifical selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation among different organisms | |
| 85224111 | mutations | Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity | |
| 85224112 | sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.crossing over,independent assortment of homologues,random joining of gametes | |
| 85224113 | crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis | |
| 85224114 | independent assortment of homologues | creates daughter cells during metaphase I with random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes | |
| 85224115 | random joining of gametes | contributes to the diversity of gene combinations in the zygote during fertilization | |
| 85224116 | diploidy | recessive alleles remain in the gene pool because latent variation is exposed to natural selection only when both parents carry rexessive allele the same creates variation | |
| 85224117 | gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or emigration from the population | |
| 85224118 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | |
| 85224119 | founder effect | random change in the gene pool that occurs in a small colony of a population | |
| 85224120 | bottleneck | genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size | |
| 85224121 | hardy weinberg | allele frequencies will be stable over the generations if there is no mutation, the population is infinitely large and isolated from other populations of the same species, mating is random, and all individuals reproduce equally and randomly | |
| 85224122 | p+q | allele frequency for both alleles | |
| 85224123 | p^2 | frequency of homozygous dominants | |
| 85224124 | q^2 | frequency of homozygous recessive individuals | |
| 85224125 | 2pq | Frequency of heterozygous individuals | |
| 85224126 | hardy weinberg | p+q=1 and p^2+2pq+q^2=1 | |
| 85224127 | allopatric speciation | The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. | |
| 85224128 | sympatric speciation | occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area | |
| 85224129 | adaptive radiation | the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to various new environmental opportunities and challenges | |
| 85224130 | sympatric speciation | mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population | |
| 85224131 | allopatric speciation | geographic isolation isolates gene pools, each gene pool is affected by a different environment and different selection mechanisms | |
| 85224132 | adaptive radiation | evolution where one organism gives rise to a number of variations that are suited to different environments | |
| 85224133 | species | a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring | |
| 85224134 | habitat isolation | two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges | |
| 85224135 | temporal isolation | type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms reproduce at different times | |
| 85224136 | behavioral isolation | type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms have different mating rituals that prevent them from interbreeding | |
| 85224137 | mechanical isolation | another barrier to mating results from physical incompatibility between sexual organs of two different individuals. | |
| 85224138 | gametic isolation | sperm does not recognize egg or can't survive in other species enviroment | |
| 85224139 | hybrid inviability | A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity | |
| 85224140 | hybrid sterility | A type of postzygotic barrier between species; the species remain isolated because hybrids fail to produce functional gametes. | |
| 85224141 | hybrid breakdown | A postzygotic barrier in which offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile | |
| 85224142 | divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time | |
| 85224143 | divergent evolution | A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes organisms to evolve differently, to diverge from their common ancestor. The resulting (new) species may share structural (but not necessarily functional) similarity; divergent evolution produces homologous structures. | |
| 85224144 | homologous structures | come from divergent evolution | |
| 85224145 | convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments | |
| 85224146 | analogous structures | come from convergent evolution | |
| 85224147 | parallel evolution | two related species (common ancestor) independantly evolve similar structures | |
| 85224148 | parallel evolution | Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor | |
| 85224149 | coevolution | The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations. | |
| 85224150 | coevolution | the process in which species exert selective pressure on each other | |
| 85224151 | macroevolution | Evolutionary change above the species level, including the origin of a new group of organisms or a shift in the broad pattern of evolutionary change over a long period of time. | |
| 85224152 | phyletic gradualism | slow steady change in a phylum with a steady accumulation of small changes | |
| 85224153 | phyletic gradualism | species continue to adapt to new challenges over the course of their history, gradually becoming new species; evolution of populations at a slow and smooth rate | |
| 85224154 | punctuated equilibrium | a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change | |
| 85224155 | punctuated equilibrium | in evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change | |
| 85224156 | origin of life | sometime between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, first primitive living cells of bacteria-type organisms appeared oxygen production by living cells began about 2.3 billions years ago, half age of planet oxygen reached present concentration in atmosphere approx. 1.1 billion years after there was enough oxygen to accumulate in atmosphere | |
| 85224157 | endosymbiosis | A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones | |
| 85224158 | directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness that indivduals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | |
| 85224159 | stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | |
| 85224160 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | |
| 85224161 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | |
| 85224162 | founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | |
| 85224163 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | |
| 85224164 | behavioral isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | |
| 85224165 | geographic isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | |
| 85224166 | theory | well-tested, well-supported explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | |
| 85224167 | fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | |
| 85224168 | homologous structure | structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues | |
| 85224169 | vestigial organ | organ so reduced in size, it does not serve an important function; may be homologous to structures in other organisms | |
| 85224170 | taxonomy | classification of organisms | |
| 85224172 | genus | first part of an organism's scientific name | |
| 85224173 | kingdom | kingdom second largest taxonomic group; there are six - animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi | |
| 85224174 | domain | most inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingdom; three exist - bacteria, archaea, eukaryota | |
| 85224176 | phylogenetic tree | diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree | |
| 85224177 | divergent evolution | pattern of evolution in which two species become more and more dissimilar | |
| 87926419 | peer review | The process by which one's work or research is reviewed by experts in the field to evaluate the validity of the work | |
| 87926420 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | |
| 87926421 | basic research | _____________ is pure science that focuses to increase psychology's scientific knowledge base rather than to solve practical problems, (p. 8) | |
| 87926422 | applied research | scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems | |
| 87926423 | basic | sometimes ______ research leads to break troughs in applied research | |
| 87926424 | applied research | Is research that is used to help humans | |
| 87926425 | butterflie study | Observation: buterflies puddle near mownor. Hypothesis: they were there for N,Na,sugar | |
| 87926426 | squirrel study | observation: squirrels only eat the top half of acorn. hypothesis: the bottom had tannin and tasted bad the squirrels only ate the top which left the bottom for germinating | |
| 88021245 | descent with modification | Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution | |
| 88021246 | misconceptions about evolution | evolution is not a fact: it is a fact ideas around it change but it is a fact. Evolution is only a theory. It is a theory but in science a theory is a well tested and broadly accepted idea. If you believe in evolution then you dont believe in god. Evolution does not negate the possibility of a God. That evolution is deterministic. it is not deterministic it is random. That evolution is highly controversial . all science is controversial. it is only the fine points which are controversial in the theory of evolution | |
| 88021247 | deterministic | evolution is random not | |
| 88021248 | the ideas around it | evoulution is thought not to be fact but it is only what isn't fact | |
| 88021249 | the possibility of a god | evolution does not negate the what | |
| 88021250 | ideas around it | Evolution is not controversial only the what are controversial all science is controversial | |
| 88021251 | evidence for evolution | -fossil record shows evolutionary relationships between related species--comparative embryology-molecular biology-biogeography- | |
| 88021252 | evidence for evolution | comparative anatomy species have homologous and analogous structures | |
| 88021253 | comparative anatomy | looking at anatomy of organisms (homologous or analogous, divergent or convergent) | |
| 88021254 | homologous structures | Body parts that are similar in origin and structure | |
| 88021255 | analogous structures | similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution | |
| 88021256 | analogous structures | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function | |
| 88021257 | convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments | |
| 88021258 | divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time | |
| 88021259 | natural selection | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | |
| 88021260 | neo darwinism | the modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory, according to which new variations originate in DNA mutations that provide the raw materials upon which natural selection may act to produce evolutionary change. | |
| 88021261 | neo darwinism | Darwin's theories restated in terms of modern genetics. | |
| 88021262 | four points of natural selection | Their is variation in individuals of same species. This variation is inheritable. Populations exceed resources(malthus). the fit survive | |
| 88258758 | malthus | Helped Darwin realize that species produce far more offspring than are capable of surviving and reproducing therefore there will be intense competition among individuals of the same species to survive | |
| 88258759 | kin selection | organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes. | |
| 88258760 | group selection | altruistic act to benefit the group | |
| 88258761 | How of biology | the "how" things work or the mechanisms for how things work. proximate | |
| 88258762 | proximate | The immediate explanation for a phenomenon, e.g. a stimulus such as environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior | |
| 88258763 | why of biology | The "why" asks why it came about what adaptive significace it may have. Ultimate reason for the trait | |
| 88258764 | pepper moth | Pollution from the " Industrial Revolution" caused a shift in the proportions of light and dark ________ morphs in many populations. Soot contamination of resting surfaces changed the relative apparency of light and dark morphs to hunting birds. Frequency of dark morph increased significantly as selection pressure relaxed. | |
| 88258765 | pepper moth | biston betularia | |
| 88258766 | look at evidence for evolution | pepper moth, pesticide resistance | |
| 88258767 | pesticide dangers | poison people and animals, Long term effects(cancer) Pesicide residue on crops. Manufacturing disasters | |
| 88258768 | pesicide benefits | reduce insect damage to crop. poison pests. reduce disease | |
| 88258769 | pesticide resistance | bichemical, detoxification, mechanical resistance, behavioral resistance | |
| 88258770 | detoxification | one of the modes of pecticide resistance | |
| 88258771 | mechanical resistance | one of the pesicides | |
| 88258772 | behavioral resistance | one of the modes of pesticides | |
| 88258773 | biochemical resistance | one of the modes of resistance | |
| 88258774 | pesticide resistance | first application almost all die, mutant allel confers resistance,nest application kills less, resistant bugs begin to be more prevalent, pesticide becomes less and less effective, switch to new pesticide and bugs mutate again and become superbugs. | |
| 88258775 | solutions to pesticide resistance | pesticides as nonrenewable resources.think in terms of evolution,use pesticides when essential,use othe strategies when possible. | |
| 88258776 | what are the only biological entity of classification | species and genus everything else is a man made construct kingdom phylum class order family (genus species) | |
| 88258777 | linnaeus | The founder of modern taxonomy who created binomial nomeclature | |
| 88258778 | v grant | evolutionary science was not invented by evolutionary biologists it was invented by christians it was interpreted by evolutionary biologists | |
| 88258779 | gould and eldridge | theory of punctuated quilibruim | |
| 88258780 | geographical distribution | The location of species on Earth helps determine their relationships with other species. Example Finches | |
| 88258781 | adaptive radiation | the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches | |
| 88258782 | convergence & analogous | all vertrbrates have camera eyes | |
| 88258783 | ontogeny | recapitulates phylogeny | |
| 88258784 | embyology proof of evolution | development of tail and gill slits | |
| 88258785 | allopatric speciation | Speciation due to organisms of a species being separated by geographical barriers so that eventually they become so different that they cannot interbreed. | |
| 88258786 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | |
| 88258787 | adaptations | phusiological, mophological, behavioral | |
| 88258788 | preadaptation | a structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context, but can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.Tannin in acorns | |
| 88258789 | general adaptation | using broad environment | |
| 88258790 | special adaptation | using specific part of environment | |
| 88258791 | suite of adaptations | whole group of adaptations | |
| 88258792 | adaptive strategy | behavioral pattern or sructure developed to deal with an environmental problem bird mobbing behavioral | |
| 88258793 | coevolution | process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other | |
| 88258794 | coevolution | occurs when trait of one species has evolved in response to another species which it self has evolved because trait in first species. | |
| 88258795 | ravent & ehrlich | first introduced co evolution | |
| 88258796 | adaptionist program | S. J. Gould and lowenton expecting every charachteristic to exist because of some adaptive significance | |
| 88258797 | pleitropy | one gene affects more than one behavior | |
| 88258798 | red queen hypothesis | that as a species is evolving so are the species around that organism and so in the end it may not be any better off than it was in the beginning | |
| 88258799 | adaptive landscape | evolution metaphor; peaks represent gene pools in equilibrium where there is maximum average genetic fitness/ for the population on the peak to shift to another peak, they have to cross the valley where there is least genetic fitness. they must undergo microevolution changes in the population to shift peaks | |
| 88258800 | good hypothesis | one that can be tested and falsifiable | |
| 88258801 | hoagland and sherman | kin selection | |
| 88258802 | mark hafner | COPHYLOGENY BETWEEN POCKET GOPHERS AND CHEWING LICE | |
| 88258803 | danjansing erlich and raven | coevolution |
