DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
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| 632033998 | Pyramidines | T&C are _____, have only one ring | |
| 632033999 | Purines | A&G are _____, have two rings | |
| 632034000 | Double-Helix | DNA is in a shape of a twisted ladder called a ________ | |
| 632034001 | Thymine | Adenine pairs with __________. | |
| 632034009 | DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that adds one nucleotide at a time on the template. | |
| 632034010 | Nucleotide | DNA polymerase adds one _____ at a time on the template | |
| 632034012 | DNA Replication | ___________ is the process of making two exact copies of a DNA molecule from one parent molecule. | |
| 632034015 | Helicase | ________ unwinds the helix. (DNA replication) | |
| 632034019 | Translation | mRNA transfers to tRNA protein in this process | |
| 632034020 | Nucleus | transcription takes place in the _______ | |
| 632034021 | RNA Polymerase | adds one RNA nucleotide at a time during transcription | |
| 632034024 | Uracil (U) | Adenine (A) is complementary to _____ | |
| 632034025 | Uracil | RNA contains this distinct nucleotide ______ (U) | |
| 632034026 | Single | RNA is a _____ strand as opposed to DNA | |
| 632034027 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | the RNA strand that is transcribed from DNA is called_____ | |
| 632034031 | "-ase" | most enzymes end with this ending | |
| 632034033 | Transcription | DNA transcribed to mRNA in this process | |
| 632034035 | Protein | the end point of translation is to make ______ | |
| 632034037 | mRNA | ribosome (rRNA) attaches to the ____ strand-translation | |
| 632034039 | mRNA | ____ is "read" 3 base pairs at a time-translation | |
| 632034042 | tRNA | ____ molecules, 1 side=anticodon (compliment of the codon) 1 side= amino acid-translation | |
| 632034044 | Anticodon, Amino Acid | tRNA molecules: 1 side= ___ (compliment of the codon) 1 side=___ | |
| 632034045 | Codon, Anticodon | when the ______ and ______ match up, the amino acid is released to form a polypeptide chain | |
| 632034047 | Protein | a polypeptide chain is also _____ | |
| 632034049 | RNA | the goal of transcription is to create _____ | |
| 632034051 | Amino Acids | these are the building blocks of protein | |
| 632034052 | RNA structure | Uses ribose instead of deoxyribose, has only a single strand, uses uracil instead of thymine (A=U) and can leave the nucleus of a cell. | |
| 632034053 | Translation | The making of a protein from mRNA to tRNA completed in a ribosome. | |
| 632034054 | Transcription | The making of RNA from DNA completed in the nucleus. | |
| 632624965 | Semiconservative replication | parent strand pairs with complementary strand to form new double helix | |
| 632624966 | Dispersive replication | some parts of original strand and some parts of new strand (mixed and matched) | |
| 632624967 | Conservative replication | parental helix remains intact after replication with entirely newly synthesized daughter strand | |
| 632624968 | leading strand | 5'-3'; synthesizes in a continuous motion | |
| 632624969 | lagging strand | 3'-5'; aka Okazaki fragments; stands connected via ligation | |
| 632624970 | proofreading | DNA pol I and pol III | |
| 632624971 | primer | initiates replication; later removed by DNA pol I | |
| 632624972 | replisome | fast; large nucleoprotein complex that coordinates action at the replication fork | |
| 632624973 | pol III holoenzyme | two catalytic cores and accessory proteins; handles synthesis of leading and lagging (1 core/strand); accessory bridge cores coordinate so they work in unison | |
| 632624974 | Beta clamp (prokaryotic) | keeps pol III attached to DNA | |
| 632624975 | topisomerase | relaxes the kinds that forms | |
| 632624976 | CAF-1 | chromatin assembly factor (eukaryotes); delivery of new histones | |
| 632624977 | proliferating cell nuclear antigen (eukaryotic) | keeps pol III attached to DNA (eukaryotic) | |
| 632624978 | origin replication complex (ORC) | multitude of origins in order to facilitate more rapid relication | |
| 632624979 | telomere | end of linear DNA molecules; protected by short tandem repeats added by telomerase to form protective caps | |
| 632624980 | exons | expressed region; coding | |
| 632624981 | introns | non-expressed; non-coding | |
| 632624982 | splicesome | removes introns for processing; alternative splicing for different proteins | |
| 632624983 | pulse chase experiement | 1)radioactive uracil fed 2)washed after incubation 3) fed unlabeled uracil 3) washed; after each wash, uracil recovered--> relatively pure samples recovered suggesting short life of RNA | |
| 632624984 | RNA properties | 1)single stranded 2) ribose sugar in nucleotides (not deoxyribose) 3) uracil instead of thymine 4) can be a catalyst for enzymatic reactions (ribozyme) | |
| 632624985 | mRNA | messanger RNA: encodes information necessary to making proteins | |
| 632624986 | tRNA | transfer RNA: responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to mRNA in translation | |
| 632624987 | rRNA | ribosomal RNA: major components of ribosomes, guide amino acid assembly, large % of total RNA in cell b/c very stable | |
| 632624988 | snRNA | small nuclear RNA (only eukaryotes): joins with proteins to form spliceosome | |
| 632624989 | miRNA | micro RNA: regulation of amount of protein produced in eukaryotic cells | |
| 632624990 | siRNA | small interfering RNA: protects genome, inhibits production of viruses and spread of transposable elements to other loci | |
| 632624991 | transcription initiation-Prokaryotes | RNA polymerase binds to promoter upstream of initiation site (identified by RNA holoenzyme polymerase) | |
| 632624992 | transcription elongation-Prokaryotes | transcription bubble forms, energy for addition of the nucleotide from the splitting of triphosphate | |
| 632624993 | transcription termination-Prokaryotes | continues beyond protein coding segment into 3' untranslated region, polymerase recognizes the termination sequence to release RNA pol, | |
| 632624994 | transcription initiation-Eukaryotes | general transcription factor (GTF) binds to region in the promoter to attract RNA pol II, preinitiation complex (PIC) forms (GTF and pol II), TATA binding box is 30 bp upstream and is bound by TATA binding protein to singal GTF and pol II to the site, pol II discards GTFs, carboxyl tail domain (CTD) phosphorylated by GTF and elongation begins | |
| 632624995 | transcription elongation-Eukaryotes | cannot simultaneously begin translating (first must add cp to 5' end, splice out entrons, add 3' tail), RNA processing during transcription, phosphorylation of CTD dictates activities of proteins | |
| 632624996 | transcription termination-Eukaryotes | capping of 5' and 3' ends (poly A tail), splicing | |
| 632624997 | GU-AG rule | introns almost always have GU at 5' end and AG at 3' end | |
| 632624998 | RNA world | theory that RNA must have been the first genetic material | |
| 632624999 | RNA interference | RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) binds to siRNAs and unwinds them to hybridize with cellular mRNA and then degradation by RISC | |
| 632625000 | protein-levels of structure | primary: sequencing secondary: folding of local regions (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet) tertiary: folding of the secondary structure quartenary: two or more seperate proteins | |
| 632625001 | globular proteins | compact structures; enzymes and antibodies | |
| 632625002 | fibrous proteins | linear; components of hair and tendons | |
| 632625003 | colinearity | correspondance between the linear sequence of a gene and that of a polypeptide | |
| 632625004 | tRNA structure | four double helical stems and three single stranded loops with neck joined to amino acid by aminoacyl-tRNA synthelases | |
| 632625005 | 16s | prokaryotic 30s ribosomal small subunit (rRNA) | |
| 632625006 | 18s | eukaryotic 40s ribosomal small subunit (rRNA) | |
| 632625007 | A site | amino acyl: binds incoming tRNA (decoding center) | |
| 632625008 | P site | peptidyl: binds peptide chain | |
| 632625009 | E site | exit: contain deacylated tRNA | |
| 632625010 | kinases | attach phosphate groups to hydroxyl groups of amino acids | |
| 632625011 | phosphatases | remove phosphate groups | |
| 632625012 | phosphorylation | controls enzyme activity, DNA-protein interaction, protein-protein interaction | |
| 632625013 | ubiquitination | ubiquitin added to the E-amin residues to target for degradation | |
| 647326650 | What does primase do? | synthesizes short primers on lagging strand to continue replicaton | |
| 647326651 | Where does replication initiate in prokaryotic chromosomes? | origin | |
| 647326652 | What protein binds at the origin in initiation in eukaryotes? | Origin replication complex | |
| 647326653 | What does RNA polymerase bind to in prokaryotic transcription? | promoter | |
| 647326654 | Where are consensus sequences located? | -10 to -35 bp upstream of the coding region | |
| 647326655 | When does a hairpin loop occur? | termination of prokaryotic transcription | |
| 647326656 | The elongation phase of eukaryotic transcription begins are the ________ has been phosphorylated. | carboxyl tail domain | |
| 647326657 | How does the TATA box help to initiate transcription? | TATA BP binds (TFDII) and hails other GTFs and RNA pol II to the site | |
| 647326658 | ________ demonstrated that biological molecules other han protein could catalyze reactions. | Self-splicing introns |
