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| 392493080 | Social Psychology | how humans behave | 0 | |
| 392493081 | Social psychologists | Study ways people influence and are influenced by each other, incorporating the study of attitudes and perceptions, persuasion, compliance and obedience. | 1 | |
| 392493083 | Social perception and cognition | Mental processes that allow a person to collect and remember information about others and to make inferences and judgments based on that information. | 2 | |
| 392493084 | Primacy effect | first information learned about someone will be a more powerful influence on our views about that person (perceptions) than any later information | 3 | |
| 392493088 | Empirical support for the importance of "first impressions" | positive/negative word list | 4 | |
| 392493089 | Attribution | set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own and others' behavior. | 5 | |
| 392493090 | What are the two types of attributions? | Internal and External | 6 | |
| 392493091 | Internal attributions | Explanations based on an individual's perceived stable characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities. | 7 | |
| 392493092 | Dispositional attribution | (internal attributions) Internal characteristics of the individual. | 8 | |
| 392493093 | External attributions | Explanations based on the current situation and events surrounding the individual. | 9 | |
| 392493094 | Situational attribution | (external attribution) External environmental factors behind the behavior observed. | 10 | |
| 392493095 | Fundamental Attribution Error | When we make Internal (Dispositional) attributions for a person's behavior despite the presence of possible external influences. | 11 | |
| 392493096 | The actor observer effect | Related to the fundamental attribution error, we also tend to make situational attributions for our own behaviors and dispositional ones for the behavior of others. | 12 | |
| 392493097 | Attribution associated with actor observer effect | Actor (our view of ourselves) = external attribution; Observer (our view of others) = internal attribution | 13 | |
| 392493098 | Why are our views skewed in the actor observer effect? | More aware of how our own behavior varies from situation to situation. Less aware of situation to situation change in behavior of others. | 14 | |
| 392493100 | Stereotype | A generalized belief about group of people. | 15 | |
| 392493101 | Prejudice | an irrationally unfavorable (or favorable) attitude toward a group of people. | 16 | |
| 392493102 | Aversive racism | Expressing the belief that all people are equal while holding negative views toward another race and unintentionally discriminating against some groups. | 17 | |
| 392493103 | Ambivalent sexism | Parallel to aversive racism but with regard to sex (gender) roles. | 18 | |
| 392493104 | The Implicit Association Test | Used for personality assessment can also be used to detect subtle prejudice. | 19 | |
| 392493105 | Cognitive Dissonance Theory | suggests that an individual's behavior can change his or her own attitudes. | 20 | |
| 392493106 | Cognitive dissonance | A state of tension that exists when an individual realizes that he or she holds contradictory attitudes on an issue, or has exhibited behavior that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude. | 21 | |
| 392493107 | Explain the study done by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959 | Made people do an easy task then lie about it. | 22 | |
| 392493108 | $1 vs. $20 experiment | People who were paid $1 though the task was more positive and the people paid $20 thought the task was still boring | 23 | |
| 392493110 | Foot in-the-door technique | A modest request is followed by a larger one | 24 | |
| 392493111 | Door in-the-face technique | An outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one | 25 | |
| 392493112 | Bait and-switch technique | A very favorable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made | 26 | |
| 392493114 | That's not-all technique | The offer is improved before any reply is given | 27 | |
| 392493115 | Interpersonal Influence | how presence of others change our behavior and convince us | 28 | |
| 392493116 | What are the two major ways other people influence us? | give us information and set norms by which we conduct ourselves in situations. | 29 | |
| 392493117 | Norms | the rules that establish expected behavior | 30 | |
| 392493118 | Explain Asch's conformity studies | subjects were asked to match one line with one of three other lines on another card. They were surrounded by people who gave obviously wrong answers. | 31 | |
| 392493119 | Conformity | the maintenance or alteration of one's behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others. At first it was believed that people would most likely conform in ambiguous situations where it is common to be unsure of one's own judgment. | 32 | |
| 392493120 | What did Asch's classic experiment demonstrate? | that conformity was also likely even when one could be fairly sure that his or her judgment was correct. | 33 | |
| 392493121 | The need to conform is likely to overwhelm what? | our need to be correct or feel right in our judgments. | 34 | |
| 392493122 | Does the size of group have an impact of conformity? | No, it was as hard for a subject to disagree in a group of 3 as in a group of 13. | 35 | |
| 392493123 | In Asch's experiments how did the unanimity of a decision effect conformity? | it is less difficult to be in a minority of two | 36 | |
| 392493129 | Kitty Genovese Case | got murdered and no one called the police | 37 | |
| 392493130 | Why do people fail to intervene sometimes during a crime or accident? | The presence of many people during a crime may create a sense of diffusion of responsibility. We may convince ourselves that if there are many other people present, someone else will help, so we need do nothing. | 38 | |
| 392493138 | Pluralistic ignorance | a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it | 39 | |
| 392493140 | What do people will sometimes assume in the absence of information? | That others have a different and better-informed opinion. They will decide therefore to say or do nothing. | 40 | |
| 392493141 | Obedience | Social situation where there's an authority figure that gets you to conform and even conduct destructive behavior | 41 | |
| 392493142 | Stanley Milgram | set up an experiment to find out how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure. | 42 | |
| 392493143 | What is the "Teacher - Learner" paradigm? | almost three-quarters of experimental subjects would follow orders to hurt someone if the authority figure and the situation demanded it. | 43 | |
| 392493145 | Variations of the Stanley Milgram's experiment | Were done, and although compliance could be lowered in some instances, some of participants still "followed orders." | 44 | |
| 392493146 | How did Milgram vary his procedure and what did he find? | Division of responsibility increased obedience; an implication of personal responsibility decreased obedience. | 45 | |
| 392493147 | Why did Milgram vary his procedure? | To find out what elements promoted or inhibited obedience. | 46 | |
| 392493148 | What did most experts think about the outcome of Milgram's experiment? | It was thought that only a very few, very abnormal people would agree to give the higher levels of shock. Some scientists and others refused to believe these results. Milgram's career suffered because what he told us about ourselves was not very comforting. | 47 | |
| 392493149 | Explain the findings of the study done by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues | Provided evidence that people are inclined to change their behavior in response to assigned roles and to follow outrageous and immoral orders when in those roles. | 48 | |
| 392493150 | Explain the study done by Zimbardo at Stanford in the 1970's | The study involved the establishment of a simulated prison for two weeks. | 49 | |
| 392493151 | How did behavior change in the Zimbardo experiment? | The behavior of the students involved became so real and so brutal, the study had to be called off after 6 days. | 50 | |
| 392493152 | The Power of the Social Situation | We can teach people to cooperate and help each other in some instances but it is possible that in order to discourage destructive behavior in people, sometimes we would be well advised to consider changing the situation instead. | 51 | |
| 392493153 | Cultural influences on abnormality | Each era and society has had its own interpretations of abnormal behavior. Culture specific disorders are found all over the planet. | 52 | |
| 392493156 | What was a common diagnosis in some old societies for abnormal behavior? | Demonic possession | 53 | |
| 392493161 | Trephining | treatment for demonic possession: opening hole in skull, allowing demon to escape | 54 | |
| 392493162 | What is a potential mechanism for the Salem Witchcraft Trails? | People experiencing "symptoms" may have been exposed to Ergot (similar to LSD) poisoning: fungus that grows on Rye | 55 | |
| 392493163 | What is the model for understanding mental health issues in Western cultures today? | the bio psychosocial model | 56 | |
| 392493164 | Biological explanation for behavior | Evolution, genes, brain structure and chemistry | 57 | |
| 392493165 | Psychological explanation for behavior | Stress, Trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions, and memories | 58 | |
| 392493166 | Social explanations for behavior | Roles, expectations, definitions for normality and disorder | 59 | |
| 392493167 | What is the DSM | V? -The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; establishes uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis thus allowing for tailored treatments to specific disorders | 60 | |
| 392493170 | Rosenhan's study | Showed downside to the labels provided by the DSM: normal people went hospital and said they experienced schizophrenic symptoms; all were diagnosed with schizophrenia and behaved normally after diagnosis. | 61 | |
| 392493171 | What is the medical student's disease? | tendency to think they have improbable exotic disease, be careful to apply labels | 62 | |
| 392493172 | What are the five types of psychotherapy? | Psychoanalysis, Cognitive therapies, Humanistic therapy, Behavior therapy, Family system therapy, Cognitive behavior therapy (mix of behavior and cognitive, most popular) | 63 | |
| 392493177 | Psychoanalysis | Cause: unconscious thoughts and motivations. Treatment: Bring unconscious thoughts to consciousness. Methods: Free associations, dream analysis, etc. Role: interrupt associations | 64 | |
| 392493179 | Cognitive therapies | Cause: irrational beliefs and unrealistic goals. Treatment: establish realistic goals, expectations, and interpretations of a situation. Methods: Dialog. Role: Help client reexamine assumptions | 65 | |
| 392493180 | Humanistic therapy | Cause: reactions to a rejection society; incongruence between self-concept and ideal self. Treatment: enable client to make personal decisions to promote self acceptance. Method: Client centered interviews. Role: unconditional positive regard | 66 | |
| 392493181 | Behavior therapy | Cause: learned inappropriate maladaptive behaviors. Treatment: Change in behavior. Methods: Positive reinforcement. | 67 | |
| 392493183 | Clinical Psychologists | Ph.D, have expertise in research | 68 | |
| 392493184 | Clinical social workers | Masters degree, deal with more severe family issues and such... | 69 | |
| 392493186 | Counselors | like clinical psychologists, don't deal with severe mental conditions | 70 | |
| 392493188 | Psychiatrists | M.D. biological health conditions that and linked to psychological disorders | 71 | |
| 392493190 | Which gender is substance abuse more prevalent? | Men | 72 | |
| 392493192 | Which gender is anxiety disorders more prevalent? | Women | 73 | |
| 392493194 | Which gender is depression more prevalent? | Women | 74 | |
| 392493196 | Personality disorders | in flexible ways interacting with people, not as severe as Schizophrenia; more common in Men | 75 | |
| 392493198 | Anxiety | A certain amount of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity in the face of potential hazards. A certain amount of anxiety is normal. | 76 | |
| 392493200 | When is anxiety is considered pathological? | When it interferes with daily functioning | 77 | |
| 392493202 | Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | The experience of almost constant and exaggerated worry; no basis for the worries but the person is tense, irritable and tired. Often it is co-diagnosed with other mood disorders such as | 78 | |
| 392493203 | What is generalized anxiety disorder often diagnosed with? | Depression. | 79 | |
| 392493205 | Panic disorder (PD) | Characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic. | 80 | |
| 392493209 | What do Panic attacks involve? | Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, trembling and faintness. | 81 | |
| 392493211 | How long do panic attacks last? | Usually last just a few minutes, but can be much longer. | 82 | |
| 392493213 | Phobias | Most common type of disorders dealing with avoidance behaviors | 83 | |
| 392493214 | Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to what? | Extinction. | 84 | |
| 392493216 | A phobia | Strong and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily living. | 85 | |
| 392493220 | Agoraphobia | An intense fear of open or public places coupled with a fear of not being able to avoid situations that initiate overwhelming anxiety. | 86 | |
| 392493222 | Can fears be learned? | Yes; some fears are innate but many are learned. | 87 | |
| 392493224 | What experiment did early behaviorists first demonstrate how fears might be learned | "Little Albert" study | 88 | |
| 392493225 | What are some of the most common phobias? | Open spaces, Closed spaces, Heights, Lightening and thunder, Certain animals (snakes, spiders, dogs), Illnesses/germs | 89 | |
| 392493227 | Can phobias be socially learned? | Yes (i.e. monkey/snake experiment: lab monkey earned to fear the snake from the wild monkey) | 90 | |
| 392493228 | What are the two behavior therapy for phobias? | Systematic desensitization and Intensive exposure therapy | 91 | |
| 392493232 | Systematic Desensitization | reduces fear by gradually exposing people to the object under controlled conditions. Virtual reality is now being employed for this kind of therapy. All about relaxation techniques. | 92 | |
| 392493234 | Counter Conditioning | Feared thing paired with a pleasant thing | 93 | |
| 392493236 | Intensive Exposure Therapy (Flooding or Implosion) | A sudden and large scale exposure to the object under controlled conditions where unpleasant consequences don't occur. | 94 | |
| 392493238 | With IET what will hopefully happen? | Extinction of the phobia | 95 | |
| 392493239 | What are common drugs used for drug therapies for phobias and anxieties? | Benzodiazepine and Anti depressants | 96 | |
| 392493245 | Benzodiazepines | A common type of sedative/tranquilizer, often prescribed for anxiety disorders. | 97 | |
| 392493247 | What type of drug acts as a GABA agonists | Benzodiazepines | 98 | |
| 392493249 | What class of drugs are SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in? | Anti-depressants | 99 | |
| 392493253 | What are the two distressing symptoms that comprise Obsessive | compulsive disorder? -Obsession and Compulsion | 100 | |
| 392493255 | Obsessions | Repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought. | 101 | |
| 392493264 | Compulsions | Repetitive, almost irresistible actions. | 102 | |
| 392493268 | What do obsessive thoughts generally lead to? | Compulsive actions. | 103 | |
| 392493270 | What are two very common compulsive behaviors? | Checking and cleaning | 104 | |
| 392493273 | What are common therapies for obsessive | compulsive disorder? -Systematic Desensitization & Exposure therapy and anti-depressants - SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). | 105 | |
| 392493275 | Examples of stimulants | Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine | 106 | |
| 392493277 | Examples of sedative Hypnotics (Depressants) | Alcohol, Valium, Librium | 107 | |
| 392493280 | Examples of Opiates (Narcotics) | Heroin, Oxytocin | 108 | |
| 392493284 | Examples of Hallucinogens | LSD, PCP | 109 | |
| 392493286 | Tolerance | physical and psychological dependence the symptoms of addiction | 110 | |
| 392493288 | Withdrawal | Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence | 111 | |
| 392493290 | Dependence | a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist. | 112 | |
| 392493291 | Substance use disorder's often co-occur with what? | Other forms with abnormal behavior | 113 | |
| 392493292 | Talk Therapies | treatment where you talk about motivations behind taking the drug, i.e. Alcohols Anonymous | 114 | |
| 392493293 | Drug Therapies | pharmacotherapy treatments to treat | 115 | |
| 392493294 | What is Antabuse (disulfiram) used for? | medication to treat alcoholism by creating a strong sick feeling (Feeling called aversion) | 116 | |
| 392493295 | Remove Pleasure | Narcan (naloxone) and opiates | 117 | |
| 392493296 | What is the pharmacotherapy treatment for opiates? | Narcan (naloxone) | 118 | |
| 392493298 | What is another term for mood disorders | affective disorders | 119 | |
| 392493299 | Mood Disorders | problems regulating feelings | 120 | |
| 392493300 | Unipolar depression | Is an extreme condition that may persist for months. A person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, and little motivation to be productive and is often accompanied with absence of happiness often a better predictor than sadness and despair. | 121 | |
| 392493301 | Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | Consistent depression associated with winter months is called seasonal affective disorder. | 122 | |
| 392493302 | Where does Seasonal affective disorder commonly occur? | In areas that have little sunlight in the winter season. | 123 | |
| 392493303 | How can SAD be treated? | Light therapy, which requires the depressed person to sit in front of a bright light for a few hours each day | 124 | |
| 392493304 | What is SAD biologically linked with? | Circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and melatonin | 125 | |
| 392493305 | Bipolar disorder | involves a cycling of mood between periods of depression and periods of mania. | 126 | |
| 392493306 | What was an old term for bipolar disorder called? | Manic-depressive disorder. | 127 | |
| 392493307 | What is mania? | A state of extreme exuberance and agitation. | 128 | |
| 392493308 | Bipolar II | mania light, doesn't show intense periods of mania | 129 | |
| 392493309 | Do people have a genetic predisposition to depression? | Yes | 130 | |
| 392493310 | How does having close biological relatives who were diagnosed with depression effect the change of developing depression? | Increases one's probability of becoming depressed. | 131 | |
| 392493312 | How does having adoptive relatives who were depressed effect risk of developing depression? | Also increases that probability, but not as much. | 132 | |
| 392493313 | What are some treatments for depression? | Cognitive-behavior therapy, drug therapies, and electroconvulsive shock | 133 | |
| 392493314 | How does cognitive Behavior therapy help depression? | By developing more positive beliefs. | 134 | |
| 392493315 | Are drug therapies used to treat depression? | Yes | 135 | |
| 392493316 | What are some types of drugs used to treat Unipolar Depression? | Anti-depressant medications: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. | 136 | |
| 392493317 | Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) | A well known but controversial treatment. | 137 | |
| 392493319 | Is Electroconvulsive shock therapy an effective treatment? | Yes, but benefits are temporary | 138 | |
| 392493320 | Why did ECT fall out of favor? | Because it was widely abused (administered without patient consent, given too often, used as a threat). | 139 | |
| 392493321 | Currently what is ECT used for? | Only for patients who have treatment-resistant depressions or who are strongly suicidal. | 140 | |
| 392493323 | Bipolar disorder symptoms | People whose moods alternate between extremes of mania and depression are said to suffer from bipolar disorder. | 141 | |
| 392493324 | Drug therapies for bipolar disorder | Lithium | 142 | |
| 392493327 | John Nash | successfully dealt with schizophrenia | 143 | |
| 392493328 | What is schizophrenia? | The split in schizophrenia refers to a disconnection of the intellectual and emotional aspects of mental ability. | 144 | |
| 392493329 | What do many people confuse the term schizophrenia with? | Dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder. | 145 | |
| 392493330 | What are other forms of Dissociative Disorder? | Psychogenic amnesia and/or psychogenic fugue | 146 | |
| 392493332 | What is the term schizophrenia is derived from? | Greek roots meaning "split mind," | 147 | |
| 392493334 | What does schizophrenia not refer to? | it does not refer to cases where people alternate among different personalities | 148 | |
| 392493335 | Are all symptoms of schizophrenia the same in every person? | Two people with schizophrenia can have very different symptom patterns | 149 | |
| 392493338 | What are the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia? | Positive and Negative | 150 | |
| 392493339 | What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia? | Behaviors that are notable because of their presence (i.e. Hallucinations are false sensory experiences, Hearing voices is a common auditory hallucination of schizophrenia, Visual hallucinations occur but are less common.) | 151 | |
| 392493340 | What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | Behaviors that are notable because of their absence (lack of emotional expression). | 152 | |
| 392493341 | What are delusions? | unfounded beliefs. | 153 | |
| 392493342 | What are the three types of delusions associated with schizophrenia? | Persecution, grandeur, and ideas of reference. | 154 | |
| 392493344 | Disordered thinking | refers to a deficit in utilizing "executive functions." | 155 | |
| 392493345 | What are common types of disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia? | Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and routines, loose associations, and difficulties with abstraction | 156 | |
| 392493346 | How are the relatives of a schizophrenic person effected in developing it? | have an increased probability of developing schizophrenia themselves. Note that children of a schizophrenic mother have a 17% risk of schizophrenia even if adopted by a family with no schizophrenic members. (Based on data from Gottesman, 1991) | 157 | |
| 392493350 | The neurodevelopmental Theory | schizophrenia is the result of nervous system impairments that develop before or at birth. These impairments may be due to genetic or other reasons. | 158 | |
| 392493351 | According to the neurodevelopmental theory what are non genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia? | poor prenatal care, difficult pregnancy and labor, and mother's exposure to influenza virus. | 159 | |
| 392493352 | Diathesis Stress Model | Predisposition + Life Stressors | 160 | |
| 392494524 | Dopamine Theory | Over activity of dopamine in limbic system | 161 | |
| 392494526 | What are the drug therapies used to treat schizophrenic patients? | Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs | 162 | |
| 392494528 | Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs | help to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia. | 163 | |
| 392494529 | How does the effectiveness of drugs effect schizophrenic patients? | Work gradually and vary in effectiveness from patient to patient. | 164 | |
| 392494530 | How do drug therapies biologically work? | Antipsychotic drugs work to block receptors for dopamine at the synapses, which is evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. | 165 | |
| 392494531 | Learned helplessness | a behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable | 166 |
