Undergrad Exercise Physiology course @ Life University. Chapters 1-9
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| 438645565 | What are Carbohydrates? | Long, repeating chains of sugar, that serve as the bodys most efficient source of energy. | |
| 438645566 | What sugars make up carbohydrates? | Glucose, Frutose, Galactose | |
| 438645567 | What is the base Chemical Formula for these Sugars? | C6H12O6 | |
| 438645568 | What are the three types of Carbohydrates? | Monosaccaride (glucose, fructose, galatose) Disaccaride (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose) Polusaccharide (Starch, Fiber) | |
| 438645569 | How are disaccharides formed? | Condensation (H2O to combine 2 monosaccharides) | |
| 438645570 | What is Sucrose made up of? | Glucose + Glucose (Cane sugar, Maple Syrup) | |
| 438645571 | What is Lactose made up of? | Glucose + Galatose (Milk Sugar) | |
| 438645572 | What is Maltose made up of? | Glucose + Glucose | |
| 438645573 | What is Hydrolysis | Breaking down the chains of sugar using water | |
| 438645574 | What is starch? | A chain of 10 or more glucose units that the body can digest | |
| 438645575 | What is Fiber? | A polysaccharide that the human body CANT digest. 2 types Insoluble and Soluable | |
| 438645576 | Health Benefits of Fiber | Lower Cholestral Lower blood sugar levels Reduce risk of colon cancer | |
| 438645577 | What is Glycogen | The storage from of Carbohydrates. Glycongen is stored in the liver and muscle tissue and is made up of a chain of a few hundred to 30,000 glucose units. | |
| 438645578 | Where do Carbohydrates come from in the Human Diet? | Mostly from plants, with the exception coming from Lactose (milk) and trace amounts of Glycogen in Animal Products | |
| 438645579 | Where is Glycogen stored. How much is stored? | Glycogen is stored in the Muscle tissue primarly (4/5s of total Glycogen), then in the Liver (highest concentration of Glycogen), and trace amounts in the blood. | |
| 438645580 | How many kcals does 1g of glycogen provide? | 4 kcals | |
| 438645581 | How long can the body's glycogen stores last | Not long. A person on a low-carb diet can nearly deplete the bodies reserves in 24 hours. | |
| 438645582 | What provides the major source of energy during exercise? | Muscle Glycogen, as well as the liver reconverting the glycogen to glucose for blood transport to the muscles to help with exercise. | |
| 438645583 | What percent of calories should carbohydrates make up in a typical diet? | In an average person, 40 - 50% of calories should be carbs, in an active person 60% should be from carbs. | |
| 438645584 | How many grams of fiber should be consumed daily? | 25-35grams | |
| 438645585 | How do carbohydrates spare protein? | Carbs are the bodies preferred source of glucose. The body uses these first so muscle tissue isnt broken down to get to glycogen reserves (prevents amino acids from being used in glyconeogenis) | |
| 438645586 | What is glucose? | The simplest form of carbohydrates (can't be broken down more), often called blood sugar | |
| 438645587 | Where do we get glucose from? | From carbohydrates in our diet and from the process of gluconeogenis in the liver | |
| 438645588 | How does the body use glucose? | After absorption by the small intestine, 1) becomes available for energy for cellular metabolism, 2) gets stored in the liver or muscles as glycogen, 3) gets converted to fat for later use. | |
| 438645589 | How does depletion of carbs affect A) short term exercise, B) Prolonged endurance exercise? | A) less then 10secs, no affect. Body is using anaerobic energy systems and ATP stores. anything great then 10secs, negative affect. B) When glycogen depletes during long endurance exercises (marathons) muscles will no longer work. You will "hit the wall" | |
| 438645590 | What is the current % of carbs and lipids in the American diet? What is recommended? | Too little Carbs (too many from simple sugars), too much fat (primarily saturated) Recommended levels are 50 - 60% carbs, and 30% or less of lipids. | |
| 438645591 | How and Why are proteins used for catabolic processes? | When the body doesn't have enough carbs for energy, proteins are broken down to Amino Acids, then they go through Deamination. | |
| 438645592 | Why is it good to reduce protein in pre-event meals? | Because A) proteins take longer and more energy to digest (will fill full and sluggish) and B) Your body has to use extra H2O to digest protein. | |
| 438645593 | What is the caloric content of 1gram of Protein? | 4 kcals | |
| 438645594 | What is the caloric content of 1gram of Fat? | 9 kcals | |
| 438645595 | What is the Chemical Formula for the Cellular Respiration process? | C6H2O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 = H2O & (heat + ATP) | |
| 438645596 | What is Oxidative Phosphorylation? | The making of ATP using oxygen | |
| 438645597 | What are 3 prereqs for the continual aerobic resynthesis of ATP? | 1. Oxygen Supply 2. Macronutriants 3. Carrier Molecules | |
| 438645598 | What are macronutrients? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins | |
| 438645599 | What are lipids? | Fat | |
| 438645600 | What are triglycerides? | Glycerol + 3 fatty acids | |
| 438645601 | 2 natural types of lipids | Saturated (no double bonds) and Unsaturated (at least 1 C=C double bond. | |
| 438645602 | What is hydrogenation? | Adding hydrogen to break the C=C double bond (to extend shelf life) These are bad for you (lard, margarine) | |
| 438645603 | Where is Cholesterol found? | Only in animal products. | |
| 438645604 | What are Phospholipids? | Molecule made up of Phosphorus and Lipids, membrane allows both Fat and Water to pass | |
| 438645605 | What are Lipoproteins? | Molecule made up of a Lipid and a Protein. Major function is to carry fats in the blood stream. | |
| 438662875 | What are Trans-Fats? | Derived from partialyl hydrogenated corn, soybean, or sunflower oils, These fats behave like saturated fats and can raise LDL levels and unlike saturated fats, can also decrease HDL levels. | |
| 438662876 | What are functions of Cholesterol? | Cholesterol plays a crucial role in forming tissues, organs and body structures during fetal development, and also help build plasma membranes, synthesizing Vitamin D, Adrenal glands hormones, sex hormones, and bile. | |
| 438662877 | What is HDL | High Density Lipoprotein. Helps carry fat away from the arteries. Exercise and Estrogen help increase HDL levels. HDL is "good" Cholesterol | |
| 438662878 | What is LDL | Low Density Lipoprotein. Carry fat to the arteries, upon oxidation the remaining plaque builds up on Artery walls. LDL is"bad" Cholesterol | |
| 438662879 | What is Lipolysis? | The breakdown of fat, Exercise/Fasting main cataylst. | |
| 438662880 | What is Lipogenesis | The creation of fat, Eating (over) is the major cataylst | |
| 438662881 | Adipose | Fat Tissue | |
| 438662882 | Adipocyte | Fat Cell | |
| 438662883 | What are some functions of Lipids? | Energy storage, mobilization, and utilization (helps spare protein) Protection of organs Thermal Insulation Provides transport/storage for Fat Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K) | |
| 438662884 | What is the fat content of a typical young adult | 15% in males, 25% in females | |
| 438662885 | What is a negative of a high fat diet in terms of training? | not able to perform at high levels for sustained amounts of time due to the length of time the body takes to convert fat into usable energy, when compared to a high carb diet. | |
| 438662886 | What are proteins made up of | Similar to Carbs and Lipids with Carbons, Oxygens, and Hydrogen structures, they also contain nitrogen (NH2 Amine group). | |
| 438662887 | How many Amino Acids are there? | 20 | |
| 438662888 | How many "Essential" Amino Acids are there? | 8 | |
| 438662889 | What are Complete proteins | Proteins containing all 8 Essential Amino Acids | |
| 438662890 | What is Transamination? | The transfer of an Amine group, usually from an Amino Acid to a Alpha Keto Acid | |
| 438662891 | What is an Alpha Keto Acid? | Amino Acid lacking the NH2 group | |
| 438662892 | What is Deamination? | The process of removing NH2 from the body. NH2 --> NH3 --> Amonia --> Urea --> Urine | |
| 438662893 | Functions of Proteins | Make Muscle Produce Enzymes / Hormones Make Antibodies | |
| 438662894 | Anabolism vs Catabolism | Anabolism is building up, Catabolism is breaking down (epinephrine) | |
| 438662895 | Nitrogen Balance | + balance intake is > then output (growth, building muscle, recovery from surgery) - balance output is > then Input (fasting, low card diet, disease) | |
| 438662896 | Alanine-Glucose Cycle | Amine Group + Pyruvate = Alanine. Alanine --> Blood --> Liver --> pyruvate --> glucose --> back to muscle | |
| 438829115 | What are 3 body sources of lipids catabolized for energy? | Adipose Tissue, Muscle, Lipoproteins | |
| 438829116 | 3 hormones that augment the activation of lipase, lipolysis, and mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue | 1) Epinephrine 2) Glucagon 3) Cortesol | |
| 438829117 | Function of the Cori Cycle | The Cori Cycle removes lactate buildup and uses it to replenish glycogen reserves depleted from exercise | |
| 438829118 | Process of the Cori Cycle | Lactate (H+) builds up in muscle --> Lactate goes through blood --> Liver converts Lactate into Pyruvate then Glucose --> Glucose travels through the blood to the muscle --> Muscle uses glucose, Lactate builds up | |
| 438829119 | How many ATPs does 1 glucose molecule yield in the Kerbs Cycle? | 32 ATP | |
| 438829120 | What do Fatty Acids transform into during Beta-Oxidation? | Acetyl-CoA | |
| 438829121 | How does low carbs impede fat burning? | Low pyruvate levels (formed from glucose metabolism) reduce levels of citric acid cycle intermediates, which slows the citric acid cycle activity to breakdown fat, resulting in less fat molecules being broken down into Acetyl-CoA | |
| 438829122 | What can cause Glycogen depletion? | 1) Marathon Running 2) Consecutive days in intense training 3) Inadequate energy intake 4) Dietary elimination of carbohydrates 5) Diabetes | |
| 438829123 | What is Acetyl-CoA | Its is a molecule/enzyme that serves as the entrant to the kerbs (citric acid) cycle. Acetyl-CoA is produced during the second step of aerobic cellular respiration, before it then enters the Kerbs cycle for ATP synthesis. | |
| 438829124 | Where does Acetyl-CoA come from | Acteyl-CoA can be formed from Carbohydates, Fats (lipids) and Protein. Carbs --> Pyruvate --> Actetyl-CoA Fats --> undergo Beta-Oxidation --> Actetyl-CoA Proteins --> DeAmination --> Pyruvate --> Actetyl-CoA (some deaminatied proteins can go directly to Actetyl-CoA | |
| 438829125 | Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers | used for light work/exercise and endurance. Aerobic energy system | |
| 438829126 | Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers | used for heavy exercise/strength. Anarobic energy system |
