experience psychology chapter 3
Terms : Hide Images
| 314831426 | sensation | the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy | 0 | |
| 314831427 | perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense | 1 | |
| 314831428 | bottom-up processing | the operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and sent it up to the brain for interpretation--automatic | 2 | |
| 314831429 | top-down processing | the operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to inforamtion from the world | 3 | |
| 314831430 | sensory receptors | specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain | 4 | |
| 314831431 | absolute threshold | the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect | 5 | |
| 314831432 | noise | irrelevant and competing stimuli--not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses | 6 | |
| 314831433 | subliminal perception | the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness | 7 | |
| 314831434 | difference threshold | the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected | 8 | |
| 314831435 | Weber's law | the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different | 9 | |
| 314831436 | selective attention | the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others | 10 | |
| 314831437 | perceptual set | a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way | 11 | |
| 314831438 | sensory adaptation | a change in teh responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimualtion | 12 | |
| 314831439 | light | a form of electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths | 13 | |
| 314831440 | hue | the wavelenght of light that is reflected from a stimulus | 14 | |
| 314831441 | cornea | the structure that contacts the environment and focuses light | 15 | |
| 314831442 | iris | the structure that gives the eye color, controls the amount of light, and responds to arousal | 16 | |
| 314831443 | lens | the structure that changes to allow shaper focus | 17 | |
| 314831444 | retina | the structure where the photorecpetors, which change light to neural activity, are located | 18 | |
| 314831445 | fovea | the structure with the highest density of photoreceptors that we place an image on when we focus | 19 | |
| 314831446 | rods | the photoreceptors that process light and dark, movement, and night vision | 20 | |
| 314831447 | cones | the photoreceptors that break light into perceptual color | 21 | |
| 314831448 | optic nerve | the structue at teh back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing | 22 | |
| 314831449 | blind-spot | the place on the retina that contains neither rods nor cones; is the place on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain | 23 | |
| 314831450 | feature detectors | neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus | 24 | |
| 314831451 | paralllel processing | the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways | 25 | |
| 314831452 | binding | in the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells | 26 | |
| 314831453 | trichromatic theory | theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularily sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths | 27 | |
| 314831454 | opponent-process theory | theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue | 28 | |
| 314831455 | figure-ground relationship | the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground) | 29 | |
| 314831456 | gestalt psychology | a school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns | 30 | |
| 314831457 | depth perception | the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally | 31 | |
| 314831458 | binocular cues | depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in teh left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together | 32 | |
| 314831459 | disparity | difference between the images in the two eyes is the binocular cue the brain uses to determine the depth, or distance of an object | 33 | |
| 314831460 | convergence | a binocular cue to depth and distance in which teh muscle movements in our two eyes provide inforamtion about how deep and/or far away something is | 34 | |
| 314831461 | monocular cues | powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or left | 35 | |
| 314831462 | familiar size | the cue is based on what we have learned from experience about the standard sizes of objects. | 36 | |
| 314831463 | height in field of view | all other things being equal, objects positioned higher in a picture are seen as farther away | 37 | |
| 314831464 | linear perspective and relative size | objects that are farther away take up less space on teh retina | 38 | |
| 314831465 | overlap | we percieve an object that partially conceals or overlaps another object as closer | 39 | |
| 314831466 | shading | the cue involves changes in perception due to the position of the light and the position of the viewer | 40 | |
| 314831467 | texture gradient | texture becomes denser and finer the farther away it is from the viewer | 41 | |
| 314831468 | apparent movement | the perception that a stationary object is moving | 42 | |
| 314831469 | perceptual constancy | the recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing | 43 | |
| 314831470 | pitch | the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound | 44 | |
| 314831471 | loudness | the perception of the sound wave's amplitude | 45 | |
| 314831472 | outer ear | the outermost part of the ear; consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal | 46 | |
| 314831473 | middle ear | the part of the ear that channels sounds through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear | 47 | |
| 314831474 | inner ear | the part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose funstion is to cnvert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain | 48 | |
| 314831475 | place theory | theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound; stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane | 49 | |
| 314831476 | frequency theory | theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires | 50 | |
| 314831477 | volley principle | modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rpaid successions. producing a volley of impulses | 51 | |
| 314831478 | auditory nerve | the nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas | 52 |
